Sex and Age Differences in the Impact of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components including A Body Shape Index on Arterial Stiffness in the General Population

Aim: We investigated the effects of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, including a body shape index (ABSI), on increased arterial stiffness measured using the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) according to sex and age strata. Methods: A total of 7127 asymptomatic Korean participants aged 21–90 years (men, 69.4%) were included. Age–sex-specific increased CAVI was defined as having the highest quartile of CAVI in each age group. Results: The CAVI increased with age and was higher in men. MetS was associated with an increased risk of high CAVI by 1.30 times in men and 1.45 times in women. The risk of high CAVI with an increasing MetS risk score was greater in women. MetS was significantly associated with increased CAVI in men only aged 51–70 years and in women aged ≥ 51 years, and the size of association increased with age (odds ratio (OR) of 1.41 in 51–70 years vs. OR of 2.96 in ≥ 71 years of women). Among MetS components, triglyceride (men, all ages), hypertension (men, 51–70 years; women, ≤ 70 years), glucose intolerance (men, 51–70 years; women, ≥ 51 years), and HDL-cholesterol (women, ≥ 71 years) were associated with increased CAVI. Unlike increased waist circumference (WC), increased ABSI revealed an association with high CAVI. MetS diagnosed with ABSI instead of WC was more significantly associated with increased CAVI in all age–sex groups. Conclusion: The association of MetS and its components with increased CAVI differed with age and sex, which might provide a new insight for the management of MetS risk factors to promote vascular health.