High-throughput sequencing of macaque basolateral amygdala projections reveals dissociable connectional motifs with frontal cortex

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) projects widely across the macaque frontal cortex(1–4), and amygdalo-frontal projections are critical for optimal emotional responding(5) and decision-making(6). Yet, little is known about the single-neuron architecture of these projections: namely, whether single BLA neurons project to multiple parts of the frontal cortex. Here, we use MAPseq(7) to determine the projection patterns of over 3000 macaque BLA neurons. We found that one-third of BLA neurons have two or more distinct targets in parts of frontal cortex and of subcortical structures. Further, we reveal non-random structure within these branching patterns such that neurons with four targets are more frequently observed than those with two or three, indicative of widespread networks. Consequently, these multi-target single neurons form distinct networks within medial and ventral frontal cortex consistent with their known functions in regulating mood and decision-making. Additionally, we show that branching patterns of single neurons shape functional networks in the brain as assessed by fMRI-based functional connectivity. These results provide a neuroanatomical basis for the role of the BLA in coordinating brain-wide responses to valent stimuli(8) and highlight the importance of high-resolution neuroanatomical data for understanding functional networks in the brain.