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Plasmodium vivax vaccine: What is the best way to go?

Malaria is one of the most devastating human infectious diseases caused by Plasmodium spp. parasites. A search for an effective and safe vaccine is the main challenge for its eradication. Plasmodium vivax is the second most prevalent Plasmodium species and the most geographically distributed parasit...

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Autores principales: da Veiga, Gisele Tatiane Soares, Moriggi, Matheus Ribeiro, Vettorazzi, Jean Franciesco, Müller-Santos, Marcelo, Albrecht, Letusa
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9885200/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36726991
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.910236
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author da Veiga, Gisele Tatiane Soares
Moriggi, Matheus Ribeiro
Vettorazzi, Jean Franciesco
Müller-Santos, Marcelo
Albrecht, Letusa
author_facet da Veiga, Gisele Tatiane Soares
Moriggi, Matheus Ribeiro
Vettorazzi, Jean Franciesco
Müller-Santos, Marcelo
Albrecht, Letusa
author_sort da Veiga, Gisele Tatiane Soares
collection PubMed
description Malaria is one of the most devastating human infectious diseases caused by Plasmodium spp. parasites. A search for an effective and safe vaccine is the main challenge for its eradication. Plasmodium vivax is the second most prevalent Plasmodium species and the most geographically distributed parasite and has been neglected for decades. This has a massive gap in knowledge and consequently in the development of vaccines. The most significant difficulties in obtaining a vaccine against P. vivax are the high genetic diversity and the extremely complex life cycle. Due to its complexity, studies have evaluated P. vivax antigens from different stages as potential targets for an effective vaccine. Therefore, the main vaccine candidates are grouped into preerythrocytic stage vaccines, blood-stage vaccines, and transmission-blocking vaccines. This review aims to support future investigations by presenting the main findings of vivax malaria vaccines to date. There are only a few P. vivax vaccines in clinical trials, and thus far, the best protective efficacy was a vaccine formulated with synthetic peptide from a circumsporozoite protein and Montanide ISA-51 as an adjuvant with 54.5% efficacy in a phase IIa study. In addition, the majority of P. vivax antigen candidates are polymorphic, induce strain-specific and heterogeneous immunity and provide only partial protection. Nevertheless, immunization with recombinant proteins and multiantigen vaccines have shown promising results and have emerged as excellent strategies. However, more studies are necessary to assess the ideal vaccine combination and test it in clinical trials. Developing a safe and effective vaccine against vivax malaria is essential for controlling and eliminating the disease. Therefore, it is necessary to determine what is already known to propose and identify new candidates.
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spelling pubmed-98852002023-01-31 Plasmodium vivax vaccine: What is the best way to go? da Veiga, Gisele Tatiane Soares Moriggi, Matheus Ribeiro Vettorazzi, Jean Franciesco Müller-Santos, Marcelo Albrecht, Letusa Front Immunol Immunology Malaria is one of the most devastating human infectious diseases caused by Plasmodium spp. parasites. A search for an effective and safe vaccine is the main challenge for its eradication. Plasmodium vivax is the second most prevalent Plasmodium species and the most geographically distributed parasite and has been neglected for decades. This has a massive gap in knowledge and consequently in the development of vaccines. The most significant difficulties in obtaining a vaccine against P. vivax are the high genetic diversity and the extremely complex life cycle. Due to its complexity, studies have evaluated P. vivax antigens from different stages as potential targets for an effective vaccine. Therefore, the main vaccine candidates are grouped into preerythrocytic stage vaccines, blood-stage vaccines, and transmission-blocking vaccines. This review aims to support future investigations by presenting the main findings of vivax malaria vaccines to date. There are only a few P. vivax vaccines in clinical trials, and thus far, the best protective efficacy was a vaccine formulated with synthetic peptide from a circumsporozoite protein and Montanide ISA-51 as an adjuvant with 54.5% efficacy in a phase IIa study. In addition, the majority of P. vivax antigen candidates are polymorphic, induce strain-specific and heterogeneous immunity and provide only partial protection. Nevertheless, immunization with recombinant proteins and multiantigen vaccines have shown promising results and have emerged as excellent strategies. However, more studies are necessary to assess the ideal vaccine combination and test it in clinical trials. Developing a safe and effective vaccine against vivax malaria is essential for controlling and eliminating the disease. Therefore, it is necessary to determine what is already known to propose and identify new candidates. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-01-16 /pmc/articles/PMC9885200/ /pubmed/36726991 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.910236 Text en Copyright © 2023 Veiga, Moriggi, Vettorazzi, Müller-Santos and Albrecht https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Immunology
da Veiga, Gisele Tatiane Soares
Moriggi, Matheus Ribeiro
Vettorazzi, Jean Franciesco
Müller-Santos, Marcelo
Albrecht, Letusa
Plasmodium vivax vaccine: What is the best way to go?
title Plasmodium vivax vaccine: What is the best way to go?
title_full Plasmodium vivax vaccine: What is the best way to go?
title_fullStr Plasmodium vivax vaccine: What is the best way to go?
title_full_unstemmed Plasmodium vivax vaccine: What is the best way to go?
title_short Plasmodium vivax vaccine: What is the best way to go?
title_sort plasmodium vivax vaccine: what is the best way to go?
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9885200/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36726991
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.910236
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