Transmutation of MAs and LLFPs with a lead-cooled fast reactor

The management of nuclear wastes has long been a problem that hinders the sustainable and clean utilization of nuclear energy since the advent of nuclear power. These nuclear wastes include minor actinides (MAs: (237)Np, (241)Am, (243)Am, (244)Cm and (245)Cm) and long-lived fission products (LLFPs: (79)Se, (93)Zr, (99)Tc, (107)Pd, (129)I and (135)Cs), and yet are hard to be handled. In this work, we propose a scheme that can transmute almost all the MAs and LLFPs with a lead-cooled fast reactor (LFR). In this scheme, the MAs and the LLFPs are loaded to the fuel assembly and the blanket assembly for transmutation, respectively. In order to study the effect of MAs loading on the operation of the core, the neutron flux distribution, spectra, and the k(eff) are further compared with and without MAs loading. Then the LLFPs composition is optimized and the support ratio is obtained to be 1.22 for (237)Np, 1.63 for (241)Am, 1.27 for (243)Am, 1.32 for (79)Se, 1.53 for (99)Tc, 1.02 for (107)Pd, and 1.12 for (129)I, respectively, indicating that a self-sustained transmutation can be achieved. Accordingly, the transmutation rate of these nuclides was 13.07%/y for (237)Np, 15.18%/y for (241)Am, 13.34%/y for (243)Am, 0.58%/y for (79)Se, 0.92%/y for (99)Tc, 1.17%/y for (107)Pd, 0.56%/y for (129)I. Our results show that a lead-cooled fast reactor can be potentially used to manage nuclear wastes with high levels of long-lived radioactivity.