Analysis of the potential biological mechanisms of Danyu Gukang Pill against osteonecrosis of the femoral head based on network pharmacology

BACKGROUND: Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is still a challenge for orthopedists worldwide and can lead to disability if patients are not treated effectively. Danyu Gukang Pill (DGP), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation, is recognized to be effective against ONFH. Nevertheless, its molecular mechanisms remain to be clarified. METHODS: The active ingredients of DGP were collected from the online databases according to oral bioavailability (OB) and drug-likeness (DL). The potential targets of DGP were retrieved from the TCMSP database, while the potential targets of ONFH were obtained from the GeneCards and NCBI databases. The functions and signaling pathways of the common targets of DGP and ONFH were enriched by GO and KEGG analyses. Subsequently, molecular docking and in vitro cell experiments were performed to further validate our findings. RESULTS: In total, 244 active ingredients of DGP and their corresponding 317 targets were obtained, and 40 ONFH-related targets were predicted. Afterwards, 19 common targets of DGP and ONFH were obtained and used as potential targets for the treatment of ONFH. Finally, combined with network pharmacology analysis, molecular docking and in vitro cell experiments, our study first demonstrated that the treatment effect of DGP on ONFH might be closely related to the two targets, HIF1A (HIF-1α) and VEGFA, and the HIF-1 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to investigate the molecular mechanisms of DGP in the treatment of ONFH based on network pharmacology. The results showed that DGP might up-regulate the expression of HIF-1α and VEGFA by participating in the HIF-1 signaling pathway, thus playing an anti-ONFH role. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-023-03843-x.