FoxO induces pupal diapause by decreasing TGFβ signaling

Diapause is a form of dormancy used widely by insects to survive adverse seasons. Previous studies have demonstrated that forkhead box O (FoxO) is activated during pupal diapause initiation in the moth Helicoverpa armigera. However, it is unclear how FoxO induces diapause. Here, we show that knockout of FoxO causes H. armigera diapause-destined pupae to channel into nondiapause, indicating that FoxO is a master regulator that induces insect diapause. FoxO activates the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) by promoting ubiquitin c (Ubc) expression via directly binding to the Ubc promoter. Activated UPS decreases transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptor signaling via ubiquitination to block developmental signaling to induce diapause. This study significantly advances the understanding of insect diapause by uncovering the detailed molecular mechanism of FoxO.