Strategies to increase uptake of voluntary medical male circumcision among men aged 25–39 years in Nyanza Region, Kenya: Results from a cluster randomized controlled trial (the TASCO study)

INTRODUCTION: Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) for HIV prevention began in Nyanza Region, Kenya in 2008. By 2014, approximately 800,000 VMMCs had been conducted, and 84.9% were among males aged 15–24 years. We evaluated the impact of interpersonal communication (IPC) and dedicated service outlets (DSO) on VMMC uptake among men aged 25–39 years in Nyanza Region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial in 45 administrative Locations (clusters) in Nyanza Region between May 2014 and June 2016 among uncircumcised men aged 25–34 years. In arm one, an IPC toolkit was used to address barriers to VMMC. In the second arm, men were referred to DSO that were modified to address their preferences. Arm three combined the IPC and DSO arms, and arm four was standard of care (SOC). Randomization was done at Location level (11–12 per arm). The primary outcome was the proportion of enrolled men who received VMMC within three months. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the effect of interventions on the outcome. RESULTS: At baseline, 9,238 households with men aged 25–39 years were enumerated, 9,679 men were assessed, and 2,792 (28.8%) were eligible. For enrollment, 577 enrolled in the IPC arm, 825 in DSO, 723 in combined IPC + DSO, and 667 in SOC. VMMC uptake among men in the SOC arm was 3.2%. In IPC, DSO, and combined IPC + DSO arms, uptake was 3.3%, 4.5%, and 4.4%, respectively. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of VMMC uptake in the study arms compared to SOC were IPC aOR = 1.03; 95% CI: 0.50–2.13, DSO aOR = 1.31; 95% CI: 0.67–2.57, and IPC + DSO combined aOR = 1.31, 95% CI: 0.65–2.67. DISCUSSION: Using these interventions among men aged 25–39 years did not significantly impact VMMC uptake. These findings suggest that alternative demand creation strategies for VMMC services are needed to reach men aged 25–39 years. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02497989.