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Accuracy assessment of inverse distance weighting interpolation of groundwater nitrate concentrations in Bavaria (Germany)
For the designation of nitrate vulnerable zones under the EU Nitrate Directive, some German federal states use inverse distance weighting (IDW) as interpolation method. Our study quantifies the accuracy of IDW with respect to the designation of areas with a groundwater nitrate concentration above th...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9898373/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36057700 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22670-0 |
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author | Ohlert, Paul L. Bach, Martin Breuer, Lutz |
author_facet | Ohlert, Paul L. Bach, Martin Breuer, Lutz |
author_sort | Ohlert, Paul L. |
collection | PubMed |
description | For the designation of nitrate vulnerable zones under the EU Nitrate Directive, some German federal states use inverse distance weighting (IDW) as interpolation method. Our study quantifies the accuracy of IDW with respect to the designation of areas with a groundwater nitrate concentration above the threshold of 50 mg NO(3)/l using a dataset of 5790 groundwater monitoring sites in Bavaria. The results show that the absolute differences of nitrate concentrations between the monitoring sites are only weakly correlated within a range of no more than 0.4 km. The IDW cross-validated nitrate concentration of measurement sites shows a mean absolute error of 7.0 mg NO(3)/l and the number of measurement sites above 50 mg NO(3)/l is 44% too low by interpolation for all sites as a whole. The corresponding values for interpolation separately for the 18 hydrogeological regions in Bavaria are 7.1 mg NO(3)/l and 38%. The sensitivity and the accuracy of nitrate concentration maps due to the variation of IDW parameters and the position of sampling points are analysed by Monte Carlo IDW interpolations using a Random Forest modelled map as reference spatial distribution. Compared to this reference map, the area with a concentration above 50 mg NO(3)/l in groundwater is estimated by IDW to be 46% too low for the best IDW parametrization. Overall, IDW interpolation systematically underrates the occurrence of higher range nitrate concentrations. In view of these underestimations, IDW does not appear to be a suitable regionalization method for the designation of nitrate vulnerable zones, neither when applied for a federal state as a whole nor when interpolated separately for hydrogeological regions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-22670-0. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9898373 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98983732023-02-05 Accuracy assessment of inverse distance weighting interpolation of groundwater nitrate concentrations in Bavaria (Germany) Ohlert, Paul L. Bach, Martin Breuer, Lutz Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Research Article For the designation of nitrate vulnerable zones under the EU Nitrate Directive, some German federal states use inverse distance weighting (IDW) as interpolation method. Our study quantifies the accuracy of IDW with respect to the designation of areas with a groundwater nitrate concentration above the threshold of 50 mg NO(3)/l using a dataset of 5790 groundwater monitoring sites in Bavaria. The results show that the absolute differences of nitrate concentrations between the monitoring sites are only weakly correlated within a range of no more than 0.4 km. The IDW cross-validated nitrate concentration of measurement sites shows a mean absolute error of 7.0 mg NO(3)/l and the number of measurement sites above 50 mg NO(3)/l is 44% too low by interpolation for all sites as a whole. The corresponding values for interpolation separately for the 18 hydrogeological regions in Bavaria are 7.1 mg NO(3)/l and 38%. The sensitivity and the accuracy of nitrate concentration maps due to the variation of IDW parameters and the position of sampling points are analysed by Monte Carlo IDW interpolations using a Random Forest modelled map as reference spatial distribution. Compared to this reference map, the area with a concentration above 50 mg NO(3)/l in groundwater is estimated by IDW to be 46% too low for the best IDW parametrization. Overall, IDW interpolation systematically underrates the occurrence of higher range nitrate concentrations. In view of these underestimations, IDW does not appear to be a suitable regionalization method for the designation of nitrate vulnerable zones, neither when applied for a federal state as a whole nor when interpolated separately for hydrogeological regions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-22670-0. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2022-09-03 2023 /pmc/articles/PMC9898373/ /pubmed/36057700 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22670-0 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Research Article Ohlert, Paul L. Bach, Martin Breuer, Lutz Accuracy assessment of inverse distance weighting interpolation of groundwater nitrate concentrations in Bavaria (Germany) |
title | Accuracy assessment of inverse distance weighting interpolation of groundwater nitrate concentrations in Bavaria (Germany) |
title_full | Accuracy assessment of inverse distance weighting interpolation of groundwater nitrate concentrations in Bavaria (Germany) |
title_fullStr | Accuracy assessment of inverse distance weighting interpolation of groundwater nitrate concentrations in Bavaria (Germany) |
title_full_unstemmed | Accuracy assessment of inverse distance weighting interpolation of groundwater nitrate concentrations in Bavaria (Germany) |
title_short | Accuracy assessment of inverse distance weighting interpolation of groundwater nitrate concentrations in Bavaria (Germany) |
title_sort | accuracy assessment of inverse distance weighting interpolation of groundwater nitrate concentrations in bavaria (germany) |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9898373/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36057700 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22670-0 |
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