Efficient methodology with potential uses of Fresnel diffractometry for real-time study of uniaxial nematic liquid crystal phase transitions

Due to the different features of their various phases and expanding physical understanding, liquid crystals (LCs) play a fundamental and crucial role in contemporary technology. Recently, they have also been utilised in adaptive optics, active switching, and next-generation displays for augmented and virtual reality. In order to determine relevant quantities for thermotropic uniaxial nematic liquid crystals (NLCs), our aim is to assess the applicability of a ground-breaking method. The method being discussed is based on Fresnel diffraction (FD) from phase objects, which has been employed over the past 20 years in several accurate and precise metrological applications. Using a phase step and quantitatively registering the visibility of the diffraction patterns, diffractometry can transform any change in the order of LCs brought on by a change in temperature into a change in the optical phase. Owing to its low sensitivity to environmental vibrations, inherent compactness, and ease of set up, diffractometry can be used much more effectively than interferometry. Additionally, as a special major feature, if the various phases of a LC have the required transparency, it is possible to record the number of phases in the bulk of the LC, the surface ordering, and the approximate temperature of the phase transitions in a single-shot imaging by applying a suitable temperature gradient. The numerical computations and practical data comparisons from our theoretical considerations demonstrate a very high level of agreement with the output from other currently used methodologies. As we shall see, by addressing some of the faults and inadequacies of existing techniques, this strategy has the potential to both complement and strengthen them.