Explaining the higher COVID-19 mortality rates among disproportionately Black counties: A decomposition analysis

BACKGROUND: Why is COVID-19 mortality higher in counties with a disproportionately large (>13.4%) share of Black residents (hereafter “Black counties”) relative to others (“non-Black counties”)? Existing literature points to six categories of determinants: (1) social distancing, (2) COVID-19 testing, (3) socioeconomic characteristics, (4) environmental characteristics, (5) prevalence of (pre-existing) chronic health conditions, and (6) demographic characteristics. The relative importance of these determinants has not yet been thoroughly examined. METHODS: We built a dataset consisting of 21 sub-indicators across the six categories of determinants for 3108 US counties and their COVID-19 mortality over the period of January 22, 2020–December 31, 2020. Applying the Gelbach's decomposition, we quantified which determinants were most (or least) associated with the COVID-19 mortality disparity between Black and non-Black counties. RESULTS: We find that COVID-19 death rates were 26 percent higher in Black counties compared to non-Black counties. This disparity was almost completely explained by the six categories of determinants included in our model. Decomposition analyses indicate that county-level demographic and population health characteristics explained most of this disparity. Among all sub-indicators considered, the greater proportion of females and smaller proportion of rural residents in Black counties were the two largest contributors to the COVID-19 mortality gap between Black and non-Black counties. Proportions of diabetic residents, uninsured residents, and the degree of income inequality also significantly contributed to the gap in COVID-19 mortality. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 mortality gap between Black and non-Black counties was largely explained by pre-pandemic differences in demographic and population health characteristics. Policies aiming to reduce the prevalence of chronic conditions and uninsured residents in Black counties would have helped narrow the COVID-19 mortality gap between Black and non-Black counties in 2020.