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Anticipatory Saccades Towards the Future Consequences of One’s Actions – an Online Eye Tracking Study
When an action contingently yields a predictable effect, we form bi-directional action-effect associations that allow us to anticipate both the location and timing of our actions’ effects. This is evident in anticipatory eye movements towards the future effect’s location which are performed earlier...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Ubiquity Press
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9912906/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36818490 http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/joc.261 |
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author | Gouret, Florian Pfeuffer, Christina U. |
author_facet | Gouret, Florian Pfeuffer, Christina U. |
author_sort | Gouret, Florian |
collection | PubMed |
description | When an action contingently yields a predictable effect, we form bi-directional action-effect associations that allow us to anticipate both the location and timing of our actions’ effects. This is evident in anticipatory eye movements towards the future effect’s location which are performed earlier when the effect’s delay is short rather than long. Such anticipatory eye movements reflect a proactive process of effect monitoring which prepares a comparison of expected and actual effects. Here, in two online eye tracking experiments, we manipulated effect locations (spatially compatible vs. incompatible in one half) and effect delays (short vs. long) to determine whether in-laboratory effects could be reliably replicated online using participants’ individual webcams. Extending prior research, we further compared irrelevant (Experiment 1) to relevant effects (response to effect feature; Experiment 2). In contrast to prior in-laboratory studies, participants anticipatorily looked towards future effects above chance only when effects were relevant. Post-experiment questions suggested that online-participants intentionally ignore irrelevant information to optimize task performance. Nevertheless, replicating in-laboratory experiments, both for relevant and irrelevant effects, participants’ first saccade towards a future effect occurred earlier for the short rather than the long effect delay. Thus, we demonstrate that anticipatory eye movements reflecting a time-sensitive proactive effect monitoring process can reliably be assessed both in-laboratory as well as online. However, when investigating anticipatory saccade frequencies online, additional aspects like effect relevance have to be considered. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9912906 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Ubiquity Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-99129062023-02-16 Anticipatory Saccades Towards the Future Consequences of One’s Actions – an Online Eye Tracking Study Gouret, Florian Pfeuffer, Christina U. J Cogn Research Article When an action contingently yields a predictable effect, we form bi-directional action-effect associations that allow us to anticipate both the location and timing of our actions’ effects. This is evident in anticipatory eye movements towards the future effect’s location which are performed earlier when the effect’s delay is short rather than long. Such anticipatory eye movements reflect a proactive process of effect monitoring which prepares a comparison of expected and actual effects. Here, in two online eye tracking experiments, we manipulated effect locations (spatially compatible vs. incompatible in one half) and effect delays (short vs. long) to determine whether in-laboratory effects could be reliably replicated online using participants’ individual webcams. Extending prior research, we further compared irrelevant (Experiment 1) to relevant effects (response to effect feature; Experiment 2). In contrast to prior in-laboratory studies, participants anticipatorily looked towards future effects above chance only when effects were relevant. Post-experiment questions suggested that online-participants intentionally ignore irrelevant information to optimize task performance. Nevertheless, replicating in-laboratory experiments, both for relevant and irrelevant effects, participants’ first saccade towards a future effect occurred earlier for the short rather than the long effect delay. Thus, we demonstrate that anticipatory eye movements reflecting a time-sensitive proactive effect monitoring process can reliably be assessed both in-laboratory as well as online. However, when investigating anticipatory saccade frequencies online, additional aspects like effect relevance have to be considered. Ubiquity Press 2023-02-10 /pmc/articles/PMC9912906/ /pubmed/36818490 http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/joc.261 Text en Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Gouret, Florian Pfeuffer, Christina U. Anticipatory Saccades Towards the Future Consequences of One’s Actions – an Online Eye Tracking Study |
title | Anticipatory Saccades Towards the Future Consequences of One’s Actions – an Online Eye Tracking Study |
title_full | Anticipatory Saccades Towards the Future Consequences of One’s Actions – an Online Eye Tracking Study |
title_fullStr | Anticipatory Saccades Towards the Future Consequences of One’s Actions – an Online Eye Tracking Study |
title_full_unstemmed | Anticipatory Saccades Towards the Future Consequences of One’s Actions – an Online Eye Tracking Study |
title_short | Anticipatory Saccades Towards the Future Consequences of One’s Actions – an Online Eye Tracking Study |
title_sort | anticipatory saccades towards the future consequences of one’s actions – an online eye tracking study |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9912906/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36818490 http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/joc.261 |
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