Association between Risk Communication Format and Perceived Risk of Adverse Events after COVID-19 Vaccination among US Adults

The format used to communicate probability—verbal versus numerical descriptors—can impact risk perceptions and behaviors. This issue is salient for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), where concerns about vaccine-related risks may reduce uptake and verbal descriptors have been widely used by public health, news organizations and on social media, to convey risk. Because the effect of risk-communication format on perceived COVID-19 vaccine-related risks remains unknown, we conducted an online randomized survey among 939 US adults. Participants were given risk information, using verbal or numerical descriptors and were asked to report their perceived risk of experiencing headache, fever, fatigue or myocarditis from COVID-19 vaccine. Associations between risk communication format and perceived risk were assessed using multivariable regression. Compared to numerical estimates, verbal descriptors were associated with higher perceived risk of headache (β = 5.0 percentage points, 95% CI = 2.0–8.1), fever (β = 27 percentage points, 95% CI = 23–30), fatigue (β = 4.9 percentage points, 95% = CI 1.8–8.0) and myocarditis (β = 4.6 percentage points, 95% CI = 2.1–7.2), as well as greater variability in risk perceptions. Social media influence was associated with differences in risk perceptions for myocarditis, but not side effects. Verbal descriptors may lead to greater, more inaccurate and variable vaccine-related risk perceptions compared to numerical descriptors.