Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils Obtained from Autochthonous Aromatic Plants

The aim of this work was to determine the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of six plants widely distributed in the Dehesa of Extremadura, such as Calendula officinalis, Cistus ladanifer, Cistus salviifolius, Cistus multiflorus, Lavandula stoechas, and Rosmarinus officinalis. The content of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria and yeasts as well as aflatoxin-producing molds were determined. A great variability was observed in the composition of the essential oils obtained from the six aromatic plants. The Cistus ladanifer essential oil had the highest content of total phenols (287.32 ppm), followed by the Cistus salviifolius essential oil; and the Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil showed the lowest amount of these compounds. The essential oils showed inhibitory effects on the tested bacteria and also yeasts, showing a maximum inhibition diameter of 11.50 mm for Salmonella choleraesuis and Kregervanrija fluxuum in the case of Cistus ladanifer and a maximum diameter of 9 mm for Bacillus cereus and 9.50 mm for Priceomyces carsonii in the case of Cistus salviifolius. The results stated that antibacterial and antiyeast activity is influenced by the concentration and the plant material used for essential oil preparation. In molds, aflatoxin production was inhibited by all the essential oils, especially the essential oils of Cistus ladanifer and Cistus salviifolius. Therefore, it can be concluded that the essential oils of native plants have significant antimicrobial properties against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, so they could be studied for their use in the industry as they are cheap, available, and non-toxic plants that favor the sustainability of the environment of the Dehesa of Extremeña.