Exposure to ultrafine particles and the incidence of asthma in children: A population-based cohort study in Montreal, Canada

Asthma is the most prevalent chronic respiratory disease in children. The role of ultrafine particles (UFPs) in the development of the disease remains unclear. We used a population-based birth cohort to evaluate the association between prenatal and childhood exposure to low levels of ambient UFPs and childhood-onset asthma. METHODS: The cohort included all children born and residing in Montreal, Canada, between 2000 and 2015. Children were followed for asthma onset from birth until <13 years of age. Spatially resolved annual mean concentrations of ambient UFPs were estimated from a land use regression model. We assigned prenatal exposure according to the residential postal code at birth. We also considered current exposure during childhood accounting for time-varying residence location. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, neighborhood material and social deprivation, calendar year, and coexposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and fine particles (PM(2.5)). RESULTS: The cohort included 352,966 children, with 30,825 children developing asthma during follow-up. Mean prenatal and childhood UFP exposure were 24,706 particles/cm(3) (interquartile range [IQR] = 3,785 particles/cm(3)) and 24,525 particles/cm(3) (IQR = 3,427 particles/cm(3)), respectively. Both prenatal and childhood UFP exposure were not associated with childhood asthma onset in single pollutant models (HR per IQR increase of 0.99 [95% CI = 0.98, 1.00]). Estimates of association remained similar when adjusting for coexposure to ambient NO(2) and PM(2.5). CONCLUSION: In this population-based birth cohort, childhood asthma onset was not associated with prenatal or childhood exposure to low concentrations of UFPs.