Analysis of the Spatial Differentiation and Promotion Potential for Agricultural Eco-Efficiency—Evidence of Pollution’s Strong Disposability

Agricultural eco-efficiency is an important indicator used to measure agriculture’s high-quality and sustainable development. Therefore, this paper uses the EBM-Super-ML method with strong disposability of undesired output to calculate Chinese agricultural eco-efficiency and uses a geographical detector to measure the driving force of the factor. The research conclusions are mainly reflected in three aspects. Firstly, from the perspective of eco-efficiency changes, the overall mean value of agricultural eco-efficiency increased by 3.5%, and the regional heterogeneity is significant, with the fastest growth in the eastern region. Secondly, the results of driving force analysis show that the main driving factors of agricultural eco-efficiency divergence are capital inputs, total carbon emissions, labor inputs, agricultural film residues, fertilizer use, and pesticide residues, with driving forces of 0.43, 0.37, 0.34, 0.31, 0.28, and 0.20, respectively. Finally, from the perspective of eco-efficiency improvement potential, the mean value of output improvement potential is 5%, and the input factor is 7%. Among the non-desired outputs, the reduction rate of agricultural films can reach 40%. Among the input factors, labor input has the highest potential for intensive use, while agricultural machinery has a negative effect. Therefore, strengthening the development of the agricultural service industry is of great significance to improve the utilization rate of mechanical equipment and reduce the undesired output of agriculture.