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Modifying the five-time sit-to-stand test to allow use of the upper limbs: Assessing initial evidence of construct validity among lower limb prosthesis users

The Five-time Sit-to-Stand (5xSTS) Test is a performance-based measure used by clinicians and researchers to assess the body functions needed to accomplish sit-to-stand transitions (e.g., lower limb strength, balance, and trunk control). The current requirements for performance of the 5xSTS Test (i....

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Autores principales: Gaunaurd, Ignacio A., Morgan, Sara J., Balkman, Geoffrey S., Kristal, Anat, Rosen, Rachael E., Haynes, Jessica S., Gailey, Robert S., Hafner, Brian J.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9916626/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36763586
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279543
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author Gaunaurd, Ignacio A.
Morgan, Sara J.
Balkman, Geoffrey S.
Kristal, Anat
Rosen, Rachael E.
Haynes, Jessica S.
Gailey, Robert S.
Hafner, Brian J.
author_facet Gaunaurd, Ignacio A.
Morgan, Sara J.
Balkman, Geoffrey S.
Kristal, Anat
Rosen, Rachael E.
Haynes, Jessica S.
Gailey, Robert S.
Hafner, Brian J.
author_sort Gaunaurd, Ignacio A.
collection PubMed
description The Five-time Sit-to-Stand (5xSTS) Test is a performance-based measure used by clinicians and researchers to assess the body functions needed to accomplish sit-to-stand transitions (e.g., lower limb strength, balance, and trunk control). The current requirements for performance of the 5xSTS Test (i.e., crossing arms over the chest) may not be appropriate for many, if not most lower limb prosthesis (LLP) users. The study aims were to (1) develop a modified five-time sit-to-stand (m5xSTS) Test protocol; (2) to examine initial evidence of known-groups construct validity among LLP users by comparing differences in performance by amputation level, amputation etiology, and functional level; and (3) to assess initial evidence of convergent construct validity by examining the correlations between m5xSTS performance with self-reported mobility (Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility (PLUS-M)), self-reported balance confidence (Activities-balance Confidence Scale (ABC)) and functional capability (comfortable walking speed). Three-hundred sixty-one LLP users participated in this cross-sectional study. The investigators developed a m5xSTS Test protocol that allows tested individuals to use different assistance strategies (i.e., use of upper limbs to push off thighs, push up from the armrests, or use a walker) when needed to perform the test. The investigators recorded m5xSTS Test times and assistance strategies. Significant differences in m5xSTS Test times were found between those who did and did not use an assistance strategy, as well as between participants grouped by different amputation level, etiology, and functional level. Significant moderate negative correlations were found between m5xSTS Test times and PLUS-M T-score (ρ = -0.42, p<0.001), ABC score (ρ = -0.42, p<0.001), and comfortable walking speed (ρ = -0.64, p<0.001), respectively. The m5xSTS Test allows LLP users to perform sit-to-stand transitions in a manner that accounts for their functional impairments, is consistent with post-amputation training, and is safe for the tested individual. Results from this study provide preliminary evidence of known groups and convergent construct validity for the m5xSTS Test with a large national sample of LLP users.
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spelling pubmed-99166262023-02-11 Modifying the five-time sit-to-stand test to allow use of the upper limbs: Assessing initial evidence of construct validity among lower limb prosthesis users Gaunaurd, Ignacio A. Morgan, Sara J. Balkman, Geoffrey S. Kristal, Anat Rosen, Rachael E. Haynes, Jessica S. Gailey, Robert S. Hafner, Brian J. PLoS One Research Article The Five-time Sit-to-Stand (5xSTS) Test is a performance-based measure used by clinicians and researchers to assess the body functions needed to accomplish sit-to-stand transitions (e.g., lower limb strength, balance, and trunk control). The current requirements for performance of the 5xSTS Test (i.e., crossing arms over the chest) may not be appropriate for many, if not most lower limb prosthesis (LLP) users. The study aims were to (1) develop a modified five-time sit-to-stand (m5xSTS) Test protocol; (2) to examine initial evidence of known-groups construct validity among LLP users by comparing differences in performance by amputation level, amputation etiology, and functional level; and (3) to assess initial evidence of convergent construct validity by examining the correlations between m5xSTS performance with self-reported mobility (Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility (PLUS-M)), self-reported balance confidence (Activities-balance Confidence Scale (ABC)) and functional capability (comfortable walking speed). Three-hundred sixty-one LLP users participated in this cross-sectional study. The investigators developed a m5xSTS Test protocol that allows tested individuals to use different assistance strategies (i.e., use of upper limbs to push off thighs, push up from the armrests, or use a walker) when needed to perform the test. The investigators recorded m5xSTS Test times and assistance strategies. Significant differences in m5xSTS Test times were found between those who did and did not use an assistance strategy, as well as between participants grouped by different amputation level, etiology, and functional level. Significant moderate negative correlations were found between m5xSTS Test times and PLUS-M T-score (ρ = -0.42, p<0.001), ABC score (ρ = -0.42, p<0.001), and comfortable walking speed (ρ = -0.64, p<0.001), respectively. The m5xSTS Test allows LLP users to perform sit-to-stand transitions in a manner that accounts for their functional impairments, is consistent with post-amputation training, and is safe for the tested individual. Results from this study provide preliminary evidence of known groups and convergent construct validity for the m5xSTS Test with a large national sample of LLP users. Public Library of Science 2023-02-10 /pmc/articles/PMC9916626/ /pubmed/36763586 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279543 Text en https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) public domain dedication.
spellingShingle Research Article
Gaunaurd, Ignacio A.
Morgan, Sara J.
Balkman, Geoffrey S.
Kristal, Anat
Rosen, Rachael E.
Haynes, Jessica S.
Gailey, Robert S.
Hafner, Brian J.
Modifying the five-time sit-to-stand test to allow use of the upper limbs: Assessing initial evidence of construct validity among lower limb prosthesis users
title Modifying the five-time sit-to-stand test to allow use of the upper limbs: Assessing initial evidence of construct validity among lower limb prosthesis users
title_full Modifying the five-time sit-to-stand test to allow use of the upper limbs: Assessing initial evidence of construct validity among lower limb prosthesis users
title_fullStr Modifying the five-time sit-to-stand test to allow use of the upper limbs: Assessing initial evidence of construct validity among lower limb prosthesis users
title_full_unstemmed Modifying the five-time sit-to-stand test to allow use of the upper limbs: Assessing initial evidence of construct validity among lower limb prosthesis users
title_short Modifying the five-time sit-to-stand test to allow use of the upper limbs: Assessing initial evidence of construct validity among lower limb prosthesis users
title_sort modifying the five-time sit-to-stand test to allow use of the upper limbs: assessing initial evidence of construct validity among lower limb prosthesis users
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9916626/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36763586
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279543
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