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Immunopathologic Role of Fungi in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Airborne fungi are ubiquitous in the environment and are commonly associated with airway inflammatory diseases. The innate immune defense system eliminates most inhaled fungi. However, some influence the development of chronic rhinosinusitis. Fungal CRS is thought of as not a common disease, and its...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9917138/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36768687 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032366 |
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author | Shin, Seung-Heon Ye, Mi-Kyung Lee, Dong-Won Geum, Sang-Yen |
author_facet | Shin, Seung-Heon Ye, Mi-Kyung Lee, Dong-Won Geum, Sang-Yen |
author_sort | Shin, Seung-Heon |
collection | PubMed |
description | Airborne fungi are ubiquitous in the environment and are commonly associated with airway inflammatory diseases. The innate immune defense system eliminates most inhaled fungi. However, some influence the development of chronic rhinosinusitis. Fungal CRS is thought of as not a common disease, and its incidence increases over time. Fungi are present in CRS patients and in healthy sinonasal mucosa. Although the immunological mechanisms have not been entirely explained, CRS patients may exhibit different immune responses than healthy people against airborne fungi. Fungi can induce Th1 and Th2 immune responses. In CRS, Th2-related immune responses against fungi are associated with pattern recognition receptors in nasal epithelial cells, the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from nasal epithelial cells, and interaction with innate type 2 cells, lymphocytes, and inflammatory cells. Fungi also interact with neutrophils and eosinophils and induce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs). NETs and EETs are associated with antifungal properties and aggravation of chronic inflammation in CRS by releasing intracellular granule proteins. Fungal and bacterial biofilms are commonly found in CRS and may support chronic and recalcitrant CRS infection. The fungal–bacterial interaction in the sinonasal mucosa could affect the survival and virulence of fungi and bacteria and host immune responses. The interaction between the mycobiome and microbiome may also influence the host immune response, impacting local inflammation and chronicity. Although the exact immunopathologic role of fungi in the pathogenesis of CRS is not completely understood, they contribute to the development of sinonasal inflammatory responses in CRS. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9917138 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-99171382023-02-11 Immunopathologic Role of Fungi in Chronic Rhinosinusitis Shin, Seung-Heon Ye, Mi-Kyung Lee, Dong-Won Geum, Sang-Yen Int J Mol Sci Review Airborne fungi are ubiquitous in the environment and are commonly associated with airway inflammatory diseases. The innate immune defense system eliminates most inhaled fungi. However, some influence the development of chronic rhinosinusitis. Fungal CRS is thought of as not a common disease, and its incidence increases over time. Fungi are present in CRS patients and in healthy sinonasal mucosa. Although the immunological mechanisms have not been entirely explained, CRS patients may exhibit different immune responses than healthy people against airborne fungi. Fungi can induce Th1 and Th2 immune responses. In CRS, Th2-related immune responses against fungi are associated with pattern recognition receptors in nasal epithelial cells, the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from nasal epithelial cells, and interaction with innate type 2 cells, lymphocytes, and inflammatory cells. Fungi also interact with neutrophils and eosinophils and induce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs). NETs and EETs are associated with antifungal properties and aggravation of chronic inflammation in CRS by releasing intracellular granule proteins. Fungal and bacterial biofilms are commonly found in CRS and may support chronic and recalcitrant CRS infection. The fungal–bacterial interaction in the sinonasal mucosa could affect the survival and virulence of fungi and bacteria and host immune responses. The interaction between the mycobiome and microbiome may also influence the host immune response, impacting local inflammation and chronicity. Although the exact immunopathologic role of fungi in the pathogenesis of CRS is not completely understood, they contribute to the development of sinonasal inflammatory responses in CRS. MDPI 2023-01-25 /pmc/articles/PMC9917138/ /pubmed/36768687 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032366 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Shin, Seung-Heon Ye, Mi-Kyung Lee, Dong-Won Geum, Sang-Yen Immunopathologic Role of Fungi in Chronic Rhinosinusitis |
title | Immunopathologic Role of Fungi in Chronic Rhinosinusitis |
title_full | Immunopathologic Role of Fungi in Chronic Rhinosinusitis |
title_fullStr | Immunopathologic Role of Fungi in Chronic Rhinosinusitis |
title_full_unstemmed | Immunopathologic Role of Fungi in Chronic Rhinosinusitis |
title_short | Immunopathologic Role of Fungi in Chronic Rhinosinusitis |
title_sort | immunopathologic role of fungi in chronic rhinosinusitis |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9917138/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36768687 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032366 |
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