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The Protective Role of Glutathione on Zinc-Induced Neuron Death after Brain Injuries
Glutathione (GSH) is necessary for maintaining physiological antioxidant function, which is responsible for maintaining free radicals derived from reactive oxygen species at low levels and is associated with improved cognitive performance after brain injury. GSH is produced by the linkage of tripept...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9917832/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36769273 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032950 |
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author | Park, Min Kyu Choi, Bo Young Kho, A Ra Lee, Song Hee Hong, Dae Ki Kang, Beom Seok Lee, Si Hyun Suh, Sang Won |
author_facet | Park, Min Kyu Choi, Bo Young Kho, A Ra Lee, Song Hee Hong, Dae Ki Kang, Beom Seok Lee, Si Hyun Suh, Sang Won |
author_sort | Park, Min Kyu |
collection | PubMed |
description | Glutathione (GSH) is necessary for maintaining physiological antioxidant function, which is responsible for maintaining free radicals derived from reactive oxygen species at low levels and is associated with improved cognitive performance after brain injury. GSH is produced by the linkage of tripeptides that consist of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine. The adequate supplementation of GSH has neuroprotective effects in several brain injuries such as cerebral ischemia, hypoglycemia, and traumatic brain injury. Brain injuries produce an excess of reactive oxygen species through complex biochemical cascades, which exacerbates primary neuronal damage. GSH concentrations are known to be closely correlated with the activities of certain genes such as excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1), glutamate transporter-associated protein 3–18 (Gtrap3-18), and zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3). Following brain-injury-induced oxidative stress, EAAC1 function is negatively impacted, which then reduces cysteine absorption and impairs neuronal GSH synthesis. In these circumstances, vesicular zinc is also released into the synaptic cleft and then translocated into postsynaptic neurons. The excessive influx of zinc inhibits glutathione reductase, which inhibits GSH’s antioxidant functions in neurons, resulting in neuronal damage and ultimately in the impairment of cognitive function. Therefore, in this review, we explore the overall relationship between zinc and GSH in terms of oxidative stress and neuronal cell death. Furthermore, we seek to understand how the modulation of zinc can rescue brain-insult-induced neuronal death after ischemia, hypoglycemia, and traumatic brain injury. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9917832 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-99178322023-02-11 The Protective Role of Glutathione on Zinc-Induced Neuron Death after Brain Injuries Park, Min Kyu Choi, Bo Young Kho, A Ra Lee, Song Hee Hong, Dae Ki Kang, Beom Seok Lee, Si Hyun Suh, Sang Won Int J Mol Sci Review Glutathione (GSH) is necessary for maintaining physiological antioxidant function, which is responsible for maintaining free radicals derived from reactive oxygen species at low levels and is associated with improved cognitive performance after brain injury. GSH is produced by the linkage of tripeptides that consist of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine. The adequate supplementation of GSH has neuroprotective effects in several brain injuries such as cerebral ischemia, hypoglycemia, and traumatic brain injury. Brain injuries produce an excess of reactive oxygen species through complex biochemical cascades, which exacerbates primary neuronal damage. GSH concentrations are known to be closely correlated with the activities of certain genes such as excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1), glutamate transporter-associated protein 3–18 (Gtrap3-18), and zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3). Following brain-injury-induced oxidative stress, EAAC1 function is negatively impacted, which then reduces cysteine absorption and impairs neuronal GSH synthesis. In these circumstances, vesicular zinc is also released into the synaptic cleft and then translocated into postsynaptic neurons. The excessive influx of zinc inhibits glutathione reductase, which inhibits GSH’s antioxidant functions in neurons, resulting in neuronal damage and ultimately in the impairment of cognitive function. Therefore, in this review, we explore the overall relationship between zinc and GSH in terms of oxidative stress and neuronal cell death. Furthermore, we seek to understand how the modulation of zinc can rescue brain-insult-induced neuronal death after ischemia, hypoglycemia, and traumatic brain injury. MDPI 2023-02-02 /pmc/articles/PMC9917832/ /pubmed/36769273 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032950 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Park, Min Kyu Choi, Bo Young Kho, A Ra Lee, Song Hee Hong, Dae Ki Kang, Beom Seok Lee, Si Hyun Suh, Sang Won The Protective Role of Glutathione on Zinc-Induced Neuron Death after Brain Injuries |
title | The Protective Role of Glutathione on Zinc-Induced Neuron Death after Brain Injuries |
title_full | The Protective Role of Glutathione on Zinc-Induced Neuron Death after Brain Injuries |
title_fullStr | The Protective Role of Glutathione on Zinc-Induced Neuron Death after Brain Injuries |
title_full_unstemmed | The Protective Role of Glutathione on Zinc-Induced Neuron Death after Brain Injuries |
title_short | The Protective Role of Glutathione on Zinc-Induced Neuron Death after Brain Injuries |
title_sort | protective role of glutathione on zinc-induced neuron death after brain injuries |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9917832/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36769273 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032950 |
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