A 4 × 4 Active Antenna Array with Adjustable Beam Steering

An adjustable [Formula: see text] antenna array with electrical beam steering and polarization control is presented. Here, adjustability means the ability to correct the beam steering angle post-calibration. The objective is to improve the steering accuracy which is critical in point-to-point communication as inaccuracy will cause transmission failure due to a missed target. The accuracy is enhanced by adjusting the beam steering angle in beamforming calculations. To execute this, the system is calibrated by measuring several unit cells of a partial [Formula: see text] array structure at different voltage bias points and calculating an average model of the phase shift profile. This reduces the phase error from variations between components and robust beam steering is achieved. This technique is utilized in far-field measurements, and fairly accurate initial beam steering angles are achieved at 3 GHz. The accuracy is further improved by over or under steering the desired angle in the beamforming calculations to finally achieve the steering angle of interest with an accuracy of 2 [Formula: see text]. Overall, the main beam is incrementally steered from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] with the gain ranging from 4.7 dB to 2.8 dB. The polarization control is also demonstrated in horizontal and vertical directions for a linearly polarized wave.