Dynamics and Processes on Laser-Irradiated Surfaces

The modification of solid surfaces via the impacts of intense laser pulses and the dynamics of the relevant processes are reviewed. We start with rather weak interactions on dielectric materials, based on non-linear absorption across the bandgap and resulting in low-level local effects like electron and individual ion emission. The role of such locally induced defects in the cumulative effect of incubation, i.e., the increase in efficiency with the increasing number of laser pulses, is addressed. At higher excitation density levels, due to easier laser–material coupling and higher laser fluence, the energy dissipation is considerable, leading to lattice destabilization, surface relaxation, ablation, and surface modification (e.g., laser-induced periodic surface structures). Finally, a short list of possible applications, namely in the field of wettability, is presented.