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Heterogeneous Photocatalysis as a Potent Tool for Organic Synthesis: Cross-Dehydrogenative C–C Coupling of N-Heterocycles with Ethers Employing TiO(2)/N-Hydroxyphthalimide System under Visible Light
Despite the obvious advantages of heterogeneous photocatalysts (availability, stability, recyclability, the ease of separation from products and safety) their application in organic synthesis faces serious challenges: generally low efficiency and selectivity compared to homogeneous photocatalytic sy...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9920906/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36770603 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28030934 |
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author | Lopat’eva, Elena R. Krylov, Igor B. Segida, Oleg O. Merkulova, Valentina M. Ilovaisky, Alexey I. Terent’ev, Alexander O. |
author_facet | Lopat’eva, Elena R. Krylov, Igor B. Segida, Oleg O. Merkulova, Valentina M. Ilovaisky, Alexey I. Terent’ev, Alexander O. |
author_sort | Lopat’eva, Elena R. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Despite the obvious advantages of heterogeneous photocatalysts (availability, stability, recyclability, the ease of separation from products and safety) their application in organic synthesis faces serious challenges: generally low efficiency and selectivity compared to homogeneous photocatalytic systems. The development of strategies for improving the catalytic properties of semiconductor materials is the key to their introduction into organic synthesis. In the present work, a hybrid photocatalytic system involving both heterogeneous catalyst (TiO(2)) and homogeneous organocatalyst (N-hydroxyphthalimide, NHPI) was proposed for the cross-dehydrogenative C–C coupling of electron-deficient N-heterocycles with ethers employing t-BuOOH as the terminal oxidant. It should be noted that each of the catalysts is completely ineffective when used separately under visible light in this transformation. The occurrence of visible light absorption upon the interaction of NHPI with the TiO(2) surface and the generation of reactive phthalimide-N-oxyl (PINO) radicals upon irradiation with visible light are considered to be the main factors determining the high catalytic efficiency. The proposed method is suitable for the coupling of π-deficient pyridine, quinoline, pyrazine, and quinoxaline heteroarenes with various non-activated ethers. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9920906 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-99209062023-02-12 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis as a Potent Tool for Organic Synthesis: Cross-Dehydrogenative C–C Coupling of N-Heterocycles with Ethers Employing TiO(2)/N-Hydroxyphthalimide System under Visible Light Lopat’eva, Elena R. Krylov, Igor B. Segida, Oleg O. Merkulova, Valentina M. Ilovaisky, Alexey I. Terent’ev, Alexander O. Molecules Article Despite the obvious advantages of heterogeneous photocatalysts (availability, stability, recyclability, the ease of separation from products and safety) their application in organic synthesis faces serious challenges: generally low efficiency and selectivity compared to homogeneous photocatalytic systems. The development of strategies for improving the catalytic properties of semiconductor materials is the key to their introduction into organic synthesis. In the present work, a hybrid photocatalytic system involving both heterogeneous catalyst (TiO(2)) and homogeneous organocatalyst (N-hydroxyphthalimide, NHPI) was proposed for the cross-dehydrogenative C–C coupling of electron-deficient N-heterocycles with ethers employing t-BuOOH as the terminal oxidant. It should be noted that each of the catalysts is completely ineffective when used separately under visible light in this transformation. The occurrence of visible light absorption upon the interaction of NHPI with the TiO(2) surface and the generation of reactive phthalimide-N-oxyl (PINO) radicals upon irradiation with visible light are considered to be the main factors determining the high catalytic efficiency. The proposed method is suitable for the coupling of π-deficient pyridine, quinoline, pyrazine, and quinoxaline heteroarenes with various non-activated ethers. MDPI 2023-01-17 /pmc/articles/PMC9920906/ /pubmed/36770603 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28030934 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Lopat’eva, Elena R. Krylov, Igor B. Segida, Oleg O. Merkulova, Valentina M. Ilovaisky, Alexey I. Terent’ev, Alexander O. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis as a Potent Tool for Organic Synthesis: Cross-Dehydrogenative C–C Coupling of N-Heterocycles with Ethers Employing TiO(2)/N-Hydroxyphthalimide System under Visible Light |
title | Heterogeneous Photocatalysis as a Potent Tool for Organic Synthesis: Cross-Dehydrogenative C–C Coupling of N-Heterocycles with Ethers Employing TiO(2)/N-Hydroxyphthalimide System under Visible Light |
title_full | Heterogeneous Photocatalysis as a Potent Tool for Organic Synthesis: Cross-Dehydrogenative C–C Coupling of N-Heterocycles with Ethers Employing TiO(2)/N-Hydroxyphthalimide System under Visible Light |
title_fullStr | Heterogeneous Photocatalysis as a Potent Tool for Organic Synthesis: Cross-Dehydrogenative C–C Coupling of N-Heterocycles with Ethers Employing TiO(2)/N-Hydroxyphthalimide System under Visible Light |
title_full_unstemmed | Heterogeneous Photocatalysis as a Potent Tool for Organic Synthesis: Cross-Dehydrogenative C–C Coupling of N-Heterocycles with Ethers Employing TiO(2)/N-Hydroxyphthalimide System under Visible Light |
title_short | Heterogeneous Photocatalysis as a Potent Tool for Organic Synthesis: Cross-Dehydrogenative C–C Coupling of N-Heterocycles with Ethers Employing TiO(2)/N-Hydroxyphthalimide System under Visible Light |
title_sort | heterogeneous photocatalysis as a potent tool for organic synthesis: cross-dehydrogenative c–c coupling of n-heterocycles with ethers employing tio(2)/n-hydroxyphthalimide system under visible light |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9920906/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36770603 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28030934 |
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