Determination of Stiffness and the Elastic Modulus of 3D-Printed Micropillars with Atomic Force Microscopy–Force Spectroscopy

[Image: see text] Nowadays, many applications in diverse fields are taking advantage of micropillars such as optics, tribology, biology, and biomedical engineering. Among them, one of the most attractive is three-dimensional microelectrode arrays for in vivo and in vitro studies, such as cellular re...

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Autores principales: Cortelli, Giorgio, Grob, Leroy, Patruno, Luca, Cramer, Tobias, Mayer, Dirk, Fraboni, Beatrice, Wolfrum, Bernhard, de Miranda, Stefano
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: American Chemical Society 2023
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9923676/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36706051
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c21921
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author Cortelli, Giorgio
Grob, Leroy
Patruno, Luca
Cramer, Tobias
Mayer, Dirk
Fraboni, Beatrice
Wolfrum, Bernhard
de Miranda, Stefano
author_facet Cortelli, Giorgio
Grob, Leroy
Patruno, Luca
Cramer, Tobias
Mayer, Dirk
Fraboni, Beatrice
Wolfrum, Bernhard
de Miranda, Stefano
author_sort Cortelli, Giorgio
collection PubMed
description [Image: see text] Nowadays, many applications in diverse fields are taking advantage of micropillars such as optics, tribology, biology, and biomedical engineering. Among them, one of the most attractive is three-dimensional microelectrode arrays for in vivo and in vitro studies, such as cellular recording, biosensors, and drug delivery. Depending on the application, the micropillar’s optimal mechanical response ranges from soft to stiff. For long-term implantable devices, a mechanical mismatch between the micropillars and the biological tissue must be avoided. For drug delivery patches, micropillars must penetrate the skin without breaking or bending. The accurate mechanical characterization of the micropillar is pivotal in the fabrication and optimization of such devices, as it determines whether the device will fail or not. In this work, we demonstrate an experimental method based only on atomic force microscopy–force spectroscopy that allows us to measure the stiffness of a micropillar and the elastic modulus of its constituent material. We test our method with four different types of 3D inkjet-printed micropillars: silver micropillars sintered at 100 and 150 °C and polyacrylate microstructures with and without a metallic coating. The estimated elastic moduli are found to be comparable with the corresponding bulk values. Furthermore, our findings show that neither the sintering temperature nor the presence of a thin metal coating plays a major role in defining the mechanical properties of the micropillar.
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spelling pubmed-99236762023-02-14 Determination of Stiffness and the Elastic Modulus of 3D-Printed Micropillars with Atomic Force Microscopy–Force Spectroscopy Cortelli, Giorgio Grob, Leroy Patruno, Luca Cramer, Tobias Mayer, Dirk Fraboni, Beatrice Wolfrum, Bernhard de Miranda, Stefano ACS Appl Mater Interfaces [Image: see text] Nowadays, many applications in diverse fields are taking advantage of micropillars such as optics, tribology, biology, and biomedical engineering. Among them, one of the most attractive is three-dimensional microelectrode arrays for in vivo and in vitro studies, such as cellular recording, biosensors, and drug delivery. Depending on the application, the micropillar’s optimal mechanical response ranges from soft to stiff. For long-term implantable devices, a mechanical mismatch between the micropillars and the biological tissue must be avoided. For drug delivery patches, micropillars must penetrate the skin without breaking or bending. The accurate mechanical characterization of the micropillar is pivotal in the fabrication and optimization of such devices, as it determines whether the device will fail or not. In this work, we demonstrate an experimental method based only on atomic force microscopy–force spectroscopy that allows us to measure the stiffness of a micropillar and the elastic modulus of its constituent material. We test our method with four different types of 3D inkjet-printed micropillars: silver micropillars sintered at 100 and 150 °C and polyacrylate microstructures with and without a metallic coating. The estimated elastic moduli are found to be comparable with the corresponding bulk values. Furthermore, our findings show that neither the sintering temperature nor the presence of a thin metal coating plays a major role in defining the mechanical properties of the micropillar. American Chemical Society 2023-01-27 /pmc/articles/PMC9923676/ /pubmed/36706051 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c21921 Text en © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Permits the broadest form of re-use including for commercial purposes, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Cortelli, Giorgio
Grob, Leroy
Patruno, Luca
Cramer, Tobias
Mayer, Dirk
Fraboni, Beatrice
Wolfrum, Bernhard
de Miranda, Stefano
Determination of Stiffness and the Elastic Modulus of 3D-Printed Micropillars with Atomic Force Microscopy–Force Spectroscopy
title Determination of Stiffness and the Elastic Modulus of 3D-Printed Micropillars with Atomic Force Microscopy–Force Spectroscopy
title_full Determination of Stiffness and the Elastic Modulus of 3D-Printed Micropillars with Atomic Force Microscopy–Force Spectroscopy
title_fullStr Determination of Stiffness and the Elastic Modulus of 3D-Printed Micropillars with Atomic Force Microscopy–Force Spectroscopy
title_full_unstemmed Determination of Stiffness and the Elastic Modulus of 3D-Printed Micropillars with Atomic Force Microscopy–Force Spectroscopy
title_short Determination of Stiffness and the Elastic Modulus of 3D-Printed Micropillars with Atomic Force Microscopy–Force Spectroscopy
title_sort determination of stiffness and the elastic modulus of 3d-printed micropillars with atomic force microscopy–force spectroscopy
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9923676/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36706051
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c21921
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