Biological Properties of Heparins Modified with an Arylazopyrazole-Based Photoswitch

[Image: see text] Unfractionated heparin (UFH) and enoxaparin (Enox) were substituted with a photoswitch (PS) showing quantitative trans–cis and cis–trans photoisomerizations. Long half-life of the cis photoisomer enabled comparison of the properties of heparins substituted with both PS photoisomers. Hydrodynamic diameter, D(h), of UFH-PS decreased upon trans–cis photoisomerization, the change being more pronounced for UFH-PS with a higher degree of substitution (DS), while D(h) of Enox-PS did not significantly change. The anticoagulative properties of substituted heparins were significantly attenuated compared to non-substituted compounds. The interaction of UFH-PS with HSA, lysozyme, and protamine was studied with ITC. Under serum-free conditions, UFH-PS-trans with a high DS stimulated proliferation of murine fibroblasts, while UFH-PS-cis decreased the viability of these cells. Under serum conditions, both UFH-PS-cis and UFH-PS-trans decreased cell viability, the reduction for UFH-PS-cis being higher than that for UFH-PS-trans. Neither Enox-PS-trans nor Enox-PS-cis influenced the viability at concentrations prolonging aPTT, while at higher concentrations their cytotoxicity did not differ.