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Characteristics of Design and Analysis of Ophthalmic Randomized Controlled Trials: A Review of Ophthalmic Papers 2020–2021

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the recent practice of design and statistical analysis of ophthalmic randomized clinical trials (RCTs). DESIGN: Review of 96 ophthalmic RCTs. METHODS: Two authors (R.D., G.S.Y.) reviewed primary result papers published from January 2020 through December 2021 in Ophthalmology,...

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Autores principales: Dong, Ruiqi, Ying, Gui-shuang
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Elsevier 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9926296/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36798523
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xops.2022.100266
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author Dong, Ruiqi
Ying, Gui-shuang
author_facet Dong, Ruiqi
Ying, Gui-shuang
author_sort Dong, Ruiqi
collection PubMed
description OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the recent practice of design and statistical analysis of ophthalmic randomized clinical trials (RCTs). DESIGN: Review of 96 ophthalmic RCTs. METHODS: Two authors (R.D., G.S.Y.) reviewed primary result papers published from January 2020 through December 2021 in Ophthalmology, JAMA Ophthalmology, American Journal of Ophthalmology, and British Journal of Ophthalmology. Data were extracted and analyzed for the characteristics of design (1-eye design, 2-eye design, paired-eye design, and subject design), sample size and power, and statistical analysis for intereye correlation adjustment, missing data, and correction for multiplicity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Characteristics of trial design and statistical analysis. RESULTS: Among 96 RCTs, 50 (52%) used 1-eye design, 21 (22%) 2-eye design, 10 (10%) paired-eye design, and 15 (16%) subject design. In 31 trials of 2-eye design or paired-eye design, 18 (58%) trials had suboptimal analysis of data from both eyes by analyzing data from 1 eye (n = 10), taking the average of 2 eyes (n = 2), analyzing 2 eyes separately (n = 1), ignoring intereye correlation (n = 3), or not specifying how 2-eye data were analyzed (n = 2), and 13 trials (42%) properly adjusted the intereye correlation by using the mixed-effects model (n = 6), paired t test (n = 5), generalized estimating equations (n = 1), or marginal Cox regression model (n = 1). Among 96 trials, 75 (78%) provided both sample size and statistical power estimation, and 16 (17%) trials described statistical test for sample size or power estimation. Missing data in primary outcome occurred in 86 (90%) trials with a median missing data rate of 8%, 32 (37%) trials applied statistical methods for missing data, including last value carried forward (n = 10), multiple imputation (n = 14), or other approaches (n = 8). Among 25 trials with > 2 arms, 16 (64%) corrected for multiplicity using the Bonferroni procedure (n = 8), Hochberg procedure (n = 2), Gatekeeping procedure (n = 2), or hierarchical procedure (n = 4). Among 16 trials with multiple primary outcomes, 4 (25%) corrected for multiplicity by the Bonferroni procedure. CONCLUSIONS: There are opportunities for improvement in the design and statistical analyses of ophthalmic trials, particularly in the aspects of adjustment for intereye correlation, missing data, and multiplicity. Continuing education in ophthalmology and vision research community may improve the quality of ophthalmic trials. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
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spelling pubmed-99262962023-02-15 Characteristics of Design and Analysis of Ophthalmic Randomized Controlled Trials: A Review of Ophthalmic Papers 2020–2021 Dong, Ruiqi Ying, Gui-shuang Ophthalmol Sci Original Article OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the recent practice of design and statistical analysis of ophthalmic randomized clinical trials (RCTs). DESIGN: Review of 96 ophthalmic RCTs. METHODS: Two authors (R.D., G.S.Y.) reviewed primary result papers published from January 2020 through December 2021 in Ophthalmology, JAMA Ophthalmology, American Journal of Ophthalmology, and British Journal of Ophthalmology. Data were extracted and analyzed for the characteristics of design (1-eye design, 2-eye design, paired-eye design, and subject design), sample size and power, and statistical analysis for intereye correlation adjustment, missing data, and correction for multiplicity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Characteristics of trial design and statistical analysis. RESULTS: Among 96 RCTs, 50 (52%) used 1-eye design, 21 (22%) 2-eye design, 10 (10%) paired-eye design, and 15 (16%) subject design. In 31 trials of 2-eye design or paired-eye design, 18 (58%) trials had suboptimal analysis of data from both eyes by analyzing data from 1 eye (n = 10), taking the average of 2 eyes (n = 2), analyzing 2 eyes separately (n = 1), ignoring intereye correlation (n = 3), or not specifying how 2-eye data were analyzed (n = 2), and 13 trials (42%) properly adjusted the intereye correlation by using the mixed-effects model (n = 6), paired t test (n = 5), generalized estimating equations (n = 1), or marginal Cox regression model (n = 1). Among 96 trials, 75 (78%) provided both sample size and statistical power estimation, and 16 (17%) trials described statistical test for sample size or power estimation. Missing data in primary outcome occurred in 86 (90%) trials with a median missing data rate of 8%, 32 (37%) trials applied statistical methods for missing data, including last value carried forward (n = 10), multiple imputation (n = 14), or other approaches (n = 8). Among 25 trials with > 2 arms, 16 (64%) corrected for multiplicity using the Bonferroni procedure (n = 8), Hochberg procedure (n = 2), Gatekeeping procedure (n = 2), or hierarchical procedure (n = 4). Among 16 trials with multiple primary outcomes, 4 (25%) corrected for multiplicity by the Bonferroni procedure. CONCLUSIONS: There are opportunities for improvement in the design and statistical analyses of ophthalmic trials, particularly in the aspects of adjustment for intereye correlation, missing data, and multiplicity. Continuing education in ophthalmology and vision research community may improve the quality of ophthalmic trials. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references. Elsevier 2022-12-31 /pmc/articles/PMC9926296/ /pubmed/36798523 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xops.2022.100266 Text en © 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Academy of Ophthalmology. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Original Article
Dong, Ruiqi
Ying, Gui-shuang
Characteristics of Design and Analysis of Ophthalmic Randomized Controlled Trials: A Review of Ophthalmic Papers 2020–2021
title Characteristics of Design and Analysis of Ophthalmic Randomized Controlled Trials: A Review of Ophthalmic Papers 2020–2021
title_full Characteristics of Design and Analysis of Ophthalmic Randomized Controlled Trials: A Review of Ophthalmic Papers 2020–2021
title_fullStr Characteristics of Design and Analysis of Ophthalmic Randomized Controlled Trials: A Review of Ophthalmic Papers 2020–2021
title_full_unstemmed Characteristics of Design and Analysis of Ophthalmic Randomized Controlled Trials: A Review of Ophthalmic Papers 2020–2021
title_short Characteristics of Design and Analysis of Ophthalmic Randomized Controlled Trials: A Review of Ophthalmic Papers 2020–2021
title_sort characteristics of design and analysis of ophthalmic randomized controlled trials: a review of ophthalmic papers 2020–2021
topic Original Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9926296/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36798523
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xops.2022.100266
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