Fusion plasmid enhanced the endemic extensively drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clone ST147 harbored bla(OXA-48) to acquire the hypervirulence and cause fatal infection

BACKGROUND: Klebsiella Pneumoniae (Kp) sequence type (ST) 147 has emerged globally and spread rapidly, particularly the extensively drug resistant (XDR) isolates. However, the infections caused by this subtype is rare reported in China for now. The clinical, microbiological and genomic characteristics are unclear. METHODS: A systemic retrospective study was conducted in a Chinese tertiary hospital. Clinical information of the infection cases was collected, and whole-genome sequencing and phenotypic experiments were performed on the ST147 isolates. The resistance and virulence genes were identified, and the plasmids harboring these genes were further studied. RESULTS: Six ST147 isolates from six patients among 720 available clincial Kp isolates were detected. Notably, two isolates, PEKP4035 and PEKP4265, represented both XDR and hypervirulence by acquiring bla(OXA-48), bla(CTX-M-15) and key virulence genes, iucA + rmpA2, representing no fitness cost and resulting fatal infection. Four of the six ST147 isolates presented with more nucleotide differences, whereas the PEKP4035 and PEKP4265 both isolated from the intensive care unit possessed 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms among one year, indicating the prolonged survive and transmission. Interestingly, the two isolates harbored the same fused plasmid composed of sul2 and iucA + rmpA2, which might be generated by recombination of a plasmid like KpvST101_OXA-48 with the pLVPK plasmid via IS26. Besides, two ~ 70 kb plasmids conferring multiple-drug resistance were also identified among the two isolates, which presented resistance genes including bla(OXA-48), bla(CTX-M-16), strA and strB. Interestingly, we reported that bla(CTX-M-15), a common resistance gene within ST147, has successfully transferred into the chromosome by ISEcp1. CONCLUSIONS: XDR hypervirulent ST147 Kp is emerging, suggesting enhanced surveillance is essential. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12941-022-00551-1.