Intra-articular treatment of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis by injecting actively-loaded meloxicam liposomes with dual-functions of anti-inflammation and lubrication

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis is a common osteochondral degenerative disease which can severely affect patient's mouth opening and mastication. Meloxicam (MLX), one of the most widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, is the main clinical therapy for the treatment of TMJ osteoarthritis. However, the clinical effect is greatly compromised because of its poor water solubility and high lipophilicity. In the present study, we developed an actively-loaded liposomal formulation, namely MLX-Ca(AC)(2)Lipo, using meglumine to enhance aqueous solubility and divalent metal (Ca(2+)) solution to improve encapsulation efficiency. By the formation of the nano-bowl shaped MLX-Ca precipitates inside the liposomes, MLX-Ca(AC)(2)Lipo successfully achieved an optimal encapsulation efficiency as high as 98.4% compared with previous passive loading method (60.6%). Additionally, MLX-Ca(AC)(2)Lipo maintained stable, and the slow drug release not only prolonged the duration of drug efficacy but also improved bioavailability. It was shown in the in vitro and in vivo tests that MLX-Ca(AC)(2)Lipo downregulated the synthesis of the inflammatory factors (such as prostaglandin-E2) and as a consequence reduced chondrocytes apoptosis and extracellular matrix degeneration. Furthermore, the intra-articular injection of MLX-Ca(AC)(2)Lipo enhanced bioinspired lubrication of TMJ, protecting the cartilage from progressive wear. In summary, MLX-Ca(AC)(2)Lipo with dual-functions of anti-inflammation and lubrication is a promising nanomedicine for the treatment of TMJ osteoarthritis by intra-articular injection.