NAD(+)-Consuming Enzymes in Stem Cell Homeostasis

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) is a coenzyme used in redox reactions, energy metabolism, and mitochondrial biogenesis. NAD(+) is also required as a cofactor by nonredox NAD(+)-dependent enzymes. Hundreds of enzymes that consume NAD(+) have been identified. The NAD(+)-consuming enzymes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as signal transduction, DNA repair, cellular senescence, and stem cell (SC) homeostasis. In this review, we discussed how different types of NAD(+)-consuming enzymes regulate SC functions and summarized current research on the roles of the NAD(+) consumers in SC homeostasis. We hope to provide a more global and integrative insight to the mechanism and intervention of SC homeostasis via the regulation of the NAD(+)-consuming enzymes.