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Source apportionment of PM(2.5) before and after COVID-19 lockdown in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon metropolitan area, Portugal
The lockdowns held due to the COVID-19 pandemic conducted to changes in air quality. This study aimed to understand the variability of PM(2.5) levels and composition in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and to identify the contribution of the different sources. The composition...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9932663/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36820273 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101446 |
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author | Gamelas, Carla A. Canha, Nuno Vicente, Ana Silva, Anabela Borges, Sónia Alves, Célia Kertesz, Zsofia Almeida, Susana Marta |
author_facet | Gamelas, Carla A. Canha, Nuno Vicente, Ana Silva, Anabela Borges, Sónia Alves, Célia Kertesz, Zsofia Almeida, Susana Marta |
author_sort | Gamelas, Carla A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The lockdowns held due to the COVID-19 pandemic conducted to changes in air quality. This study aimed to understand the variability of PM(2.5) levels and composition in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and to identify the contribution of the different sources. The composition of PM(2.5) was assessed for 24 elements (by PIXE), secondary inorganic ions and black carbon. The PM(2.5) mean concentration for the period (December 2019 to November 2020) was 13 ± 11 μg.m(−3). The most abundant species in PM(2.5) were BC (19.9%), SO(4)(2−) (15.4%), NO(3)(−) (11.6%) and NH(4)(+) (5.3%). The impact of the restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic on the PM levels was found by comparison with the previous six years. The concentrations of all the PM(2.5) components, except Al, Ba, Ca, Si and SO(4)(2−), were significantly higher in the winter/pre-confinement than in post-confinement period. A total of seven sources were identified by Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF): soil, secondary sulphate, fuel-oil combustion, sea, vehicle non-exhaust, vehicle exhaust, and industry. Sources were greatly influenced by the restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, with vehicle exhaust showing the sharpest decrease. Secondary sulphate predominated in summer/post-confinement. PM(2.5) levels and composition also varied with the types of air mass trajectories. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9932663 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-99326632023-02-16 Source apportionment of PM(2.5) before and after COVID-19 lockdown in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon metropolitan area, Portugal Gamelas, Carla A. Canha, Nuno Vicente, Ana Silva, Anabela Borges, Sónia Alves, Célia Kertesz, Zsofia Almeida, Susana Marta Urban Clim Article The lockdowns held due to the COVID-19 pandemic conducted to changes in air quality. This study aimed to understand the variability of PM(2.5) levels and composition in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and to identify the contribution of the different sources. The composition of PM(2.5) was assessed for 24 elements (by PIXE), secondary inorganic ions and black carbon. The PM(2.5) mean concentration for the period (December 2019 to November 2020) was 13 ± 11 μg.m(−3). The most abundant species in PM(2.5) were BC (19.9%), SO(4)(2−) (15.4%), NO(3)(−) (11.6%) and NH(4)(+) (5.3%). The impact of the restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic on the PM levels was found by comparison with the previous six years. The concentrations of all the PM(2.5) components, except Al, Ba, Ca, Si and SO(4)(2−), were significantly higher in the winter/pre-confinement than in post-confinement period. A total of seven sources were identified by Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF): soil, secondary sulphate, fuel-oil combustion, sea, vehicle non-exhaust, vehicle exhaust, and industry. Sources were greatly influenced by the restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, with vehicle exhaust showing the sharpest decrease. Secondary sulphate predominated in summer/post-confinement. PM(2.5) levels and composition also varied with the types of air mass trajectories. The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. 2023-05 2023-02-16 /pmc/articles/PMC9932663/ /pubmed/36820273 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101446 Text en © 2023 The Authors Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. |
spellingShingle | Article Gamelas, Carla A. Canha, Nuno Vicente, Ana Silva, Anabela Borges, Sónia Alves, Célia Kertesz, Zsofia Almeida, Susana Marta Source apportionment of PM(2.5) before and after COVID-19 lockdown in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon metropolitan area, Portugal |
title | Source apportionment of PM(2.5) before and after COVID-19 lockdown in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon metropolitan area, Portugal |
title_full | Source apportionment of PM(2.5) before and after COVID-19 lockdown in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon metropolitan area, Portugal |
title_fullStr | Source apportionment of PM(2.5) before and after COVID-19 lockdown in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon metropolitan area, Portugal |
title_full_unstemmed | Source apportionment of PM(2.5) before and after COVID-19 lockdown in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon metropolitan area, Portugal |
title_short | Source apportionment of PM(2.5) before and after COVID-19 lockdown in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon metropolitan area, Portugal |
title_sort | source apportionment of pm(2.5) before and after covid-19 lockdown in an urban-industrial area of the lisbon metropolitan area, portugal |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9932663/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36820273 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101446 |
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