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Changes in social interaction, social relatedness, and friendships in Education Outside the Classroom: A social network analysis
INTRODUCTION: Social interaction is associated with many effects on the psychological level of children such as mental health, self-esteem, and executive functions. Education Outside the Classroom (EOtC) describes regular curricular classes/lessons outside the school building, often in natural green...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9932959/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36818094 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1031693 |
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author | Ellinger, Jan Mess, Filip Bachner, Joachim von Au, Jakob Mall, Christoph |
author_facet | Ellinger, Jan Mess, Filip Bachner, Joachim von Au, Jakob Mall, Christoph |
author_sort | Ellinger, Jan |
collection | PubMed |
description | INTRODUCTION: Social interaction is associated with many effects on the psychological level of children such as mental health, self-esteem, and executive functions. Education Outside the Classroom (EOtC) describes regular curricular classes/lessons outside the school building, often in natural green and blue environments. Applied as a long-term school concept, EOtC has the potential to enable and promote social interaction. However, empirical studies on this topic have been somewhat scant. METHODS: One class in EOtC (N = 24) and one comparison class (N = 26) were examined in this study to explore those effects. Statistical Actor-Oriented Models and Exponential Random Graph Models were used to investigate whether there are differences between EOtC and comparison class regarding changes over time in social interaction parameters; whether a co-evolution between social interaction during lessons and breaks and attendant social relatedness and friendships exists; whether students of the same gender or place of residence interact particularly often (homophily). RESULTS: Besides inconsistent changes in social interaction parameters, no co-evolutional associations between social interaction and social relatedness and friendships could be determined, but grouping was evident in EOtC. Both classes showed pronounced gender homophily, which in the case of EOtC class contributes to a fragmentation of the network over time. DISCUSSION: The observed effects in EOtC could be due to previously observed tendencies of social exclusion as a result of a high degree of freedom of choices. It therefore seems essential that in future studies not only the quality of the study design and instruments should be included in the interpretation – rather, the underlying methodological-didactic concept should also be evaluated in detail. At least in Germany, it seems that there is still potential for developing holistic concepts with regards to EOtC in order to maximize the return on the primarily organizational investment of implementing EOtC in natural environments. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9932959 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-99329592023-02-17 Changes in social interaction, social relatedness, and friendships in Education Outside the Classroom: A social network analysis Ellinger, Jan Mess, Filip Bachner, Joachim von Au, Jakob Mall, Christoph Front Psychol Psychology INTRODUCTION: Social interaction is associated with many effects on the psychological level of children such as mental health, self-esteem, and executive functions. Education Outside the Classroom (EOtC) describes regular curricular classes/lessons outside the school building, often in natural green and blue environments. Applied as a long-term school concept, EOtC has the potential to enable and promote social interaction. However, empirical studies on this topic have been somewhat scant. METHODS: One class in EOtC (N = 24) and one comparison class (N = 26) were examined in this study to explore those effects. Statistical Actor-Oriented Models and Exponential Random Graph Models were used to investigate whether there are differences between EOtC and comparison class regarding changes over time in social interaction parameters; whether a co-evolution between social interaction during lessons and breaks and attendant social relatedness and friendships exists; whether students of the same gender or place of residence interact particularly often (homophily). RESULTS: Besides inconsistent changes in social interaction parameters, no co-evolutional associations between social interaction and social relatedness and friendships could be determined, but grouping was evident in EOtC. Both classes showed pronounced gender homophily, which in the case of EOtC class contributes to a fragmentation of the network over time. DISCUSSION: The observed effects in EOtC could be due to previously observed tendencies of social exclusion as a result of a high degree of freedom of choices. It therefore seems essential that in future studies not only the quality of the study design and instruments should be included in the interpretation – rather, the underlying methodological-didactic concept should also be evaluated in detail. At least in Germany, it seems that there is still potential for developing holistic concepts with regards to EOtC in order to maximize the return on the primarily organizational investment of implementing EOtC in natural environments. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-02-02 /pmc/articles/PMC9932959/ /pubmed/36818094 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1031693 Text en Copyright © 2023 Ellinger, Mess, Bachner, Von Au and Mall. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Psychology Ellinger, Jan Mess, Filip Bachner, Joachim von Au, Jakob Mall, Christoph Changes in social interaction, social relatedness, and friendships in Education Outside the Classroom: A social network analysis |
title | Changes in social interaction, social relatedness, and friendships in Education Outside the Classroom: A social network analysis |
title_full | Changes in social interaction, social relatedness, and friendships in Education Outside the Classroom: A social network analysis |
title_fullStr | Changes in social interaction, social relatedness, and friendships in Education Outside the Classroom: A social network analysis |
title_full_unstemmed | Changes in social interaction, social relatedness, and friendships in Education Outside the Classroom: A social network analysis |
title_short | Changes in social interaction, social relatedness, and friendships in Education Outside the Classroom: A social network analysis |
title_sort | changes in social interaction, social relatedness, and friendships in education outside the classroom: a social network analysis |
topic | Psychology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9932959/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36818094 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1031693 |
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