Asymmetrical Dependence of {Ba(2+)}:{SO(4)(2–)} on BaSO(4) Crystal Nucleation and Growth in Aqueous Solutions: A Dynamic Light Scattering Study

[Image: see text] The impact of solution stoichiometry, upon formation of BaSO(4) crystals in 0.02 M NaCl suspensions, on the development of particle size was investigated using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Measurements were performed on a set of suspensions prepared with predefined initial supersaturation, based on the quotient of the constituent ion activity product {Ba(2+)}{SO(4)(2–)} over the solubility product K(sp) (Ω(barite) = {Ba(2+)}{SO(4)(2–)}/K(sp) = 100, 500, or 1000–11,000 in steps of 1000), and ion activity solution stoichiometries (r(aq) = {Ba(2+)}:{SO(4)(2–)} = 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100), at circumneutral pH of 5.5–6.0, and ambient temperature and pressure. DLS showed that for batch experiments, crystal formation with varying r(aq) was best investigated at an initial Ω(barite) of 1000 and using the forward detection angle. At this Ω(barite) and set of r(aq), the average apparent hydrodynamic particle size of the largest population present in all suspensions increased from ∼200 to ∼700 nm within 10–15 min and was independently confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging. Additional DLS measurements conducted at the same conditions in flow confirmed that the BaSO(4) formation kinetics were very fast for our specifically chosen conditions. The DLS flow measurements, monitoring the first minute of BaSO(4) formation, showed strong signs of aggregation of prenucleation clusters forming particles with a size in the range of 200–300 nm for every r(aq). The estimated initial bulk growth rates from batch DLS results show that BaSO(4) crystals formed fastest at near-stoichiometric conditions and more slowly at nonstoichiometric conditions. Moreover, at extreme SO(4)-limiting conditions, barite formation was slower compared to Ba-limiting conditions. Our results show that DLS can be used to investigate nucleation and growth at carefully selected experimental and analytical conditions. The combined DLS and TEM results imply that BaSO(4) formation is influenced by solution stoichiometry and may aid to optimize antiscalant efficiency and regulate BaSO(4) (scale) formation processes.