Boosting Optical Nanocavity Coupling by Retardation Matching to Dark Modes

[Image: see text] Plasmonic nanoantennas can focus light at nanometer length scales providing intense field enhancements. For the tightest optical confinements (0.5–5 nm) achieved in plasmonic gaps, the gap spacing, refractive index, and facet width play a dominant role in determining the optical properties making tuning through antenna shape challenging. We show here that controlling the surrounding refractive index instead allows both efficient frequency tuning and enhanced in-/output coupling through retardation matching as this allows dark modes to become optically active, improving widespread functionalities.