A Trem2(R47H) mouse model without cryptic splicing drives age- and disease-dependent tissue damage and synaptic loss in response to plaques

BACKGROUND: The TREM2 R47H variant is one of the strongest genetic risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Unfortunately, many current Trem2 (R47H) mouse models are associated with cryptic mRNA splicing of the mutant allele that produces a confounding reduction in protein product. To overcome this issue, we developed the Trem2(R47H NSS) (Normal Splice Site) mouse model in which the Trem2 allele is expressed at a similar level to the wild-type Trem2 allele without evidence of cryptic splicing products. METHODS: Trem2(R47H NSS) mice were treated with the demyelinating agent cuprizone, or crossed with the 5xFAD mouse model of amyloidosis, to explore the impact of the TREM2 R47H variant on inflammatory responses to demyelination, plaque development, and the brain’s response to plaques. RESULTS: Trem2(R47H NSS) mice display an appropriate inflammatory response to cuprizone challenge, and do not recapitulate the null allele in terms of impeded inflammatory responses to demyelination. Utilizing the 5xFAD mouse model, we report age- and disease-dependent changes in Trem2(R47H NSS) mice in response to development of AD-like pathology. At an early (4-month-old) disease stage, hemizygous 5xFAD/homozygous Trem2(R47H NSS) (5xFAD/Trem2(R47H NSS)) mice have reduced size and number of microglia that display impaired interaction with plaques compared to microglia in age-matched 5xFAD hemizygous controls. This is associated with a suppressed inflammatory response but increased dystrophic neurites and axonal damage as measured by plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) level. Homozygosity for Trem2(R47H NSS) suppressed LTP deficits and loss of presynaptic puncta caused by the 5xFAD transgene array in 4-month-old mice. At a more advanced (12-month-old) disease stage 5xFAD/Trem2(R47H NSS) mice no longer display impaired plaque-microglia interaction or suppressed inflammatory gene expression, although NfL levels remain elevated, and a unique interferon-related gene expression signature is seen. Twelve-month old Trem2(R47H NSS) mice also display LTP deficits and postsynaptic loss. CONCLUSIONS: The Trem2(R47H NSS) mouse is a valuable model that can be used to investigate age-dependent effects of the AD-risk R47H mutation on TREM2 and microglial function including its effects on plaque development, microglial-plaque interaction, production of a unique interferon signature and associated tissue damage. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13024-023-00598-4.