Structure–activity relationship of pyrazol-4-yl-pyridine derivatives and identification of a radiofluorinated probe for imaging the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M(4)

There is an accumulating body of evidence implicating the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 4 (M(4)) in schizophrenia and dementia with Lewy bodies, however, a clinically validated M(4) positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand is currently lacking. As such, the aim of this study was to develop a suitable M(4) PET ligand that allows the non-invasive visualization of M(4) in the brain. Structure–activity relationship studies of pyrazol-4-yl-pyridine derivates led to the discovery of target compound 12― a subtype-selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM). The radiofluorinated analogue, [(18)F]12, was synthesized in 28 ± 10% radiochemical yield, >37 GBq/μmol and an excellent radiochemical purity >99%. Initial in vitro autoradiograms on rodent brain sections were performed in the absence of carbachol and showed moderate specificity as well as a low selectivity of [(18)F]12 for the M(4)-rich striatum. However, in the presence of carbachol, a significant increase in tracer binding was observed in the rat striatum, which was reduced by >60% under blocking conditions, thus indicating that orthosteric ligand interaction is required for efficient binding of [(18)F]12 to the allosteric site. Remarkably, however, the presence of carbachol was not required for high specific binding in the non-human primate (NHP) and human striatum, and did not further improve the specificity and selectivity of [(18)F]12 in higher species. These results pointed towards significant species-differences and paved the way for a preliminary PET study in NHP, where peak brain uptake of [(18)F]12 was found in the putamen and temporal cortex. In conclusion, we report on the identification and preclinical development of the first radiofluorinated M(4) PET radioligand with promising attributes. The availability of a clinically validated M(4) PET radioligand harbors potential to facilitate drug development and provide a useful diagnostic tool for non-invasive imaging.