Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced MRI-Based Radiomics Signature: A Potential Imaging Biomarker for Identifying Cytokeratin 19-Positive Hepatocellular Carcinoma

PURPOSE: One subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with cytokeratin 19 expression (CK19+), has shown to be more aggressive and has a poor prognosis. However, CK19+ is determined by immunohistochemical examination using a surgically resected specimen. This study is aimed at establishing a radiomics signature based on preoperative gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI for predicting CK19 status in HCC. Patients and Methods. Clinicopathological and imaging data were retrospectively collected from patients who underwent hepatectomy between February 2015 and December 2020. Patients who underwent gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI and had CK19 results of histopathological examination were included. Radiomics features of the manually segmented lesion during the arterial, portal venous, and hepatobiliary phases were extracted. The 10 most reproducible and robust features at each phase were selected for construction of radiomics signatures, and their performance was evaluated by analyzing the area under the curve (AUC). The goodness of fit of the model was assessed by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. RESULTS: A total of 110 patients were included. The incidence of CK19(+) HCC was 17% (19/110). Alpha fetoprotein was the only significant clinicopathological variable different between CK19(-) and CK19(+) groups. A majority of the selected radiomics features were wavelet filter-derived features. The AUCs of the three radiomics signatures based on arterial, portal venous, and hepatobiliary phases were 0.70 (95% CI: 0.56-0.83), 0.83 (95% CI: 0.73-0.92), and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.82-0.96), respectively. The three radiomics signatures were integrated, and the fusion signature yielded an AUC of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.86-0.98) and was used as the final model for CK19(+) prediction. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the fusion signature was 0.84, 0.89, 0.88, 0.62, and 0.96, respectively. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed a good fit of the fusion signature (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The established radiomics signature based on preoperative gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI could be an accurate and potential imaging biomarker for HCC CK19(+) prediction.