Thalamocortical functional connectivity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

BACKGROUND: Few studies have empirically tested the relationships between anatomically defined thalamic nuclei and functionally defined cortical networks, and little is known about their implications in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to investigate the functional connectivity of the thalamus in youth with ADHD, using both anatomically and functionally defined thalamic seed regions. METHODS: Resting-state functional MRIs obtained from the publicly available ADHD-200 database were analyzed. Thalamic seed regions were defined functionally and anatomically based on Yeo’s 7 resting-state-network parcellation atlas and the AAL3 atlas, respectively. Functional connectivity maps of the thalamus were extracted, and thalamocortical functional connectivity was compared between youth with and without ADHD. RESULTS: Using the functionally defined seeds, significant group differences in thalamocortical functional connectivity and significant negative correlations between thalamocortical connectivity and ADHD symptom severity were observed within the boundaries of corresponding large-scale networks. However, in the analysis using the anatomically defined thalamic seeds, significant group differences in connectivity and significant positive correlations were observed outside the expected boundaries of major anatomic projections. The thalamocortical connectivity originating from the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus was significantly correlated with age in youth with ADHD. LIMITATIONS: The small sample size and smaller proportion of girls were limiting factors. CONCLUSION: Thalamocortical functional connectivity based on the intrinsic network architecture of the brain appears to be clinically relevant in ADHD. The positive association between thalamocortical functional connectivity and ADHD symptom severity may represent a compensatory process recruiting an alternative neural network.