Rodent activity in municipal waste collection premises in Singapore: an analysis of risk factors using mixed-effects modelling

Refuse storage and collection systems are potential sources of food and harbourage areas for rodents which transmit pathogens. We examined the factors associated with rodent activity in public housing municipal waste collection premises in a highly urbanized city-state. We analysed data from April 2019 to March 2020 in mixed-effects logistic regression models to examine the independent factors associated with rodent activity in central refuse chute rooms (CRCs), individual refuse chute (IRC) bin chambers and bin centres. We accounted for within-year patterns, repeated measures and nested effects. We observed a heterogeneous spatial distribution of rodent activity. Rodent droppings were strongly associated with rodent activity in CRCs (aOR: 6.20, 95% CI: 4.20–9.15), bin centres (aOR: 3.61, 95% CI: 1.70–7.64) and IRC bin chambers (aOR: 90.84, 95% CI: 70.13–117.67). Gnaw marks were positively associated with rodent activity in CRCs (aOR: 5.61, 95% CI: 3.55–8.97) and IRC bin chambers (aOR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.43–2.95), as were rub marks in CRCs (aOR: 5.04, 95% CI: 3.44–7.37) and IRC bin chambers (aOR: 3.07, 95% CI: 1.74–5.42). Each burrow increased the odds of rodent sightings in bin centres (aOR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00–1.06). The odds of rodent sightings in an IRC bin chamber increased with every additional bin chute chamber within the same block (aOR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.07). We identified several factors that well predicted rodent activity in waste collection premises. Municipal estate managers with limited resources can adopt a risk-based approach in tailoring the focus of their rodent control interventions.