Lateral abdominal muscle thickness during breathing maneuvers in women with and without stress urinary incontinence

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) patients predominantly experience involuntary leakage during respiratory functions that induce a rapid increase in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) such as coughing and sneezing. The abdominal muscles have an important role in the forced expiration and modulation of IAP. We hypothesized that SUI patients have different thickness changes in the abdominal muscles compared to healthy individuals during breathing maneuvers. METHODS: This case–control study was conducted on 17 adult women with SUI and 20 continent women. Muscle thickness changes were measured by ultrasonography at the end of deep inspiration and expiration, and the expiratory phase of voluntary coughing for external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and transverse abdominis (TrA) muscles. The percent thickness changes of muscles were used and analyzed with a two-way mixed ANOVA test and post-hoc pairwise comparison at a confidence level of 95% (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The percent thickness changes of TrA muscle were significantly lower in SUI patients at deep expiration (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 2.055) and coughing (p < 0.001, Cohen's d=1.691). While, percent thickness changes for EO (p = 0.004, Cohen's d=0.996) and IO thickness (p < 0.001, Cohen's d=1.784) were greater at deep expiration and deep inspiration, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The percent thickness changes of abdominal muscles differed between women with and without SUI during breathing maneuvers. The present study provided information regarding the altered function of abdominal muscles during breathing maneuvers; therefore, it is important to consider the respiratory role of abdominal muscles for the rehabilitation of SUI patients. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00192-023-05458-9.