Covid-19 and Public Transport: two years later. Investigating the transport demand trend in the City of Brescia

Public Transport (PT) extremely suffered from the Covid-19 pandemic. While trying to guarantee the service supply as regularly as possible, great efforts have been made by Transport Companies to deal with constantly changing emergency prescriptions. Moreover, overall uncertainty led to a sharp shift in travel behaviors and habits, resulting in a general increase in private (especially motorized) modes. Over the past months, a lot of research has tried to investigate the several perspectives for the PT sector, during and beyond the Covid-19, by accounting for e.g., new technologies, innovative service supply or transport modes, etc. which have been implemented overtime. However, after two-years from the Covid-19 outbreak, the transport demand is still not back to the pre-pandemic situation. Considering the trends of the past two-years, this paper aims at exploring how the transport demand has varied, with respect to the Covid-19 impact, the safety prescriptions, and the PT service supply, to shed light over still unobserved factors that may be useful to move forward. By considering the area of Brescia as a case study, the analysis compares the transport demand from the different urban PT systems (i.e., buses, metro light rail and bike sharing) of Brescia with the related service supply (i.e., kms-travelled, service availability, etc.), the Covid-19 infections, the service limitations (i.e., lockdowns, vehicle capacity reductions, etc.), to understand whether relationships exist among the several variables included. It emerged that the progressive easing of restrictions, the enhancements of intermodal transport system and the improvement of service's quality could have contributed to recovery transport demand. Future developments of the research could be addressed to extend the available database to confirm or improve the research findings.