A Multifunctional, Highly Biocompatible, and Double-Triggering Caramelized Nanotheranostic System Loaded with Fe(3)O(4) and DOX for Combined Chemo-Photothermal Therapy and Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging Monitoring of Triple Negative Breast Cancer

PURPOSE: Owing to lack of specific molecular targets, the current clinical therapeutic strategy for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is still limited. In recent years, some nanosystems for malignancy treatment have received considerable attention. In this study, we prepared caramelized nanospheres (CNSs) loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and Fe(3)O(4) to achieve the synergistic effect of combined therapy and real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) monitoring, so as to improve the diagnosis and therapeutic effect of TNBC. METHODS: CNSs with biocompatibility and unique optical properties were prepared by hydrothermal method, DOX and Fe(3)O(4) were loaded on it to obtain Fe(3)O(4)/DOX@CNSs nanosystem. Characteristics including morphology, hydrodynamic size, zeta potentials and magnetic properties of Fe(3)O(4)/DOX@CNSs were evaluated. The DOX release was evaluated by different pH/near-infrared (NIR) light energy. Biosafety, pharmacokinetics, MRI and therapeutic treatment of Fe(3)O(4)@CNSs, DOX and Fe(3)O(4)/DOX@CNSs were examined in vitro or in vivo. RESULTS: Fe(3)O(4)/DOX@CNSs has an average particle size of 160 nm and a zeta potential of 27.5mV, it demonstrated that Fe(3)O(4)/DOX@CNSs is a stable and homogeneous dispersed system. The hemolysis experiment of Fe(3)O(4)/DOX@CNSs proved that it can be used in vivo. Fe(3)O(4)/DOX@CNSs displayed high photothermal conversion efficiency, extensive pH/heat-induced DOX release. 70.3% DOX release is observed under the 808 nm laser in the pH = 5 PBS solution, obviously higher than pH = 5 (50.9%) and pH = 7.4 (less than 10%). Pharmacokinetic experiments indicated the t1/2β, and AUC(0–t) of Fe(3)O(4)/DOX@CNSs were 1.96 and 1.31 -fold higher than those of DOX solution, respectively. Additionally, Fe(3)O(4)/DOX@CNSs with NIR had the greatest tumor suppression in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, this nanosystem demonstrated distinct contrast enhancement on T2 MRI to achieve real-time imaging monitoring during treatment. CONCLUSION: Fe(3)O(4)/DOX@CNSs is a highly biocompatible, double-triggering and improved DOX bioavailability nanosystem that combines chemo-PTT and real-time MRI monitoring to achieve integration of diagnosis and treatment of TNBC.