The discovery of a new type of innervation in lymphoid organs

It is well known that the main forms of innervation are synapses and free nerve endings, while other forms of innervation have not been reported. Here, we explore a new way of innervating lymphoid organs. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were used for studying the innervation of sympathetic nerve fibers in lymph nodes by means of anterograde tracking, immunoelectron microscopy, three‐dimension reconstruction analysis, and immunofluorescence labeling. The results showed that the Fluoro‐Ruby labeled nerve endings targeted only a group of cells in the lymph nodes and entered the cells through the plasma membrane. The electron microscopy showed that the biotinylated glucan amine reaction elements were distributed in the cytoplasm, and most of the biotinylated glucan amine active elements were concentrated on the microtubule and microfilament walls. Birbeck particles with rod‐shaped and/or tennis racket like structures can be seen in the labeled cells at high magnification, and Birbeck particles contain biotinylated glucan amine‐reactive elements. The immunofluoresence results showed that the Fluoro‐Ruby‐labeled nerve innervating cells expressed CD207 and CD1a protein. This result confirmed that the labeled cells were Langerhans cells. Our findings suggested that Langerhans cells might serve as a “bridge cell” for neuroimmune cross‐talking in lymph organs, which play an important role in transmitting signals of the nervous system to immune system. This study also opened up a new way for further study of immune regulation mechanism.