Antibiotic Susceptibility and Clarithromycin Resistance Determinants in Helicobacter pylori in the Northeast of Spain: A One-Year Prospective Study

Helicobacter pylori is one of the most widespread infections, and it is reaching alarming resistance levels worldwide. The recommended first-line empirical treatment differs according to the local rate of clarithromycin resistance. Macrolide resistance is mainly associated with three point mutations in the 23S rRNA gene. The aim of this study was to describe the antibiotic susceptibility of H. pylori in our healthcare area and the main mechanisms involved in clarithromycin resistance. Gastric biopsies (n = 641) were collected and cultured in a one-year prospective study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by gradient diffusion. A multiplex real-time PCR test (Allplex(TM) H.pylori & ClariR Assay, Seegene) was used to detect the most frequent mutations associated with clarithromycin resistance. Overall, 141 isolates were available for antibiotic susceptibility testing. The highest resistance rates were detected in metronidazole and levofloxacin. The rate of clarithromycin resistance was 12.1%, and the associated mutations were A2143G and A2142G. More than half of the clarithromycin-resistant isolates presented high MIC values (>256 mg/L). Tetracycline resistance was not detected, suggesting that therapies that contain tetracycline could be a suitable option. The low clarithromycin resistance rate coupled with the high rates of metronidazole resistance may support the recovery of the classical triple therapy in our healthcare area.