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Contribution of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) to Chronic Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite produced by the gut microbiota and has been mainly associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in humans. There are factors that affect one’s TMAO level, such as diet, drugs, age, and hormones, among others. Gut dysbiosis in...

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Autores principales: Constantino-Jonapa, Luis A., Espinoza-Palacios, Yoshua, Escalona-Montaño, Alma R., Hernández-Ruiz, Paulina, Amezcua-Guerra, Luis M., Amedei, Amedeo, Aguirre-García, María M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9952918/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36830968
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020431
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author Constantino-Jonapa, Luis A.
Espinoza-Palacios, Yoshua
Escalona-Montaño, Alma R.
Hernández-Ruiz, Paulina
Amezcua-Guerra, Luis M.
Amedei, Amedeo
Aguirre-García, María M.
author_facet Constantino-Jonapa, Luis A.
Espinoza-Palacios, Yoshua
Escalona-Montaño, Alma R.
Hernández-Ruiz, Paulina
Amezcua-Guerra, Luis M.
Amedei, Amedeo
Aguirre-García, María M.
author_sort Constantino-Jonapa, Luis A.
collection PubMed
description Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite produced by the gut microbiota and has been mainly associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in humans. There are factors that affect one’s TMAO level, such as diet, drugs, age, and hormones, among others. Gut dysbiosis in the host has been studied recently as a new approach to understanding chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and Alzheimer’s disease. These disease types as well as COVID-19 are known to modulate host immunity. Diabetic and obese patients have been observed to have an increase in their level of TMAO, which has a direct correlation with CVDs. This metabolite is attributed to enhancing the inflammatory pathways through cholesterol and bile acid dysregulation, promoting foam cell formation. Additionally, TMAO activates the transcription factor NF-κB, which, in turn, triggers cytokine production. The result can be an exaggerated inflammatory response capable of inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress, which is responsible for various diseases. Due to the deleterious effects that this metabolite causes in its host, it is important to search for new therapeutic agents that allow a reduction in the TMAO levels of patients and that, thus, allow patients to be able to avoid a severe cardiovascular event. The present review discussed the synthesis of TMAO and its contribution to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases.
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spelling pubmed-99529182023-02-25 Contribution of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) to Chronic Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases Constantino-Jonapa, Luis A. Espinoza-Palacios, Yoshua Escalona-Montaño, Alma R. Hernández-Ruiz, Paulina Amezcua-Guerra, Luis M. Amedei, Amedeo Aguirre-García, María M. Biomedicines Review Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite produced by the gut microbiota and has been mainly associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in humans. There are factors that affect one’s TMAO level, such as diet, drugs, age, and hormones, among others. Gut dysbiosis in the host has been studied recently as a new approach to understanding chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and Alzheimer’s disease. These disease types as well as COVID-19 are known to modulate host immunity. Diabetic and obese patients have been observed to have an increase in their level of TMAO, which has a direct correlation with CVDs. This metabolite is attributed to enhancing the inflammatory pathways through cholesterol and bile acid dysregulation, promoting foam cell formation. Additionally, TMAO activates the transcription factor NF-κB, which, in turn, triggers cytokine production. The result can be an exaggerated inflammatory response capable of inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress, which is responsible for various diseases. Due to the deleterious effects that this metabolite causes in its host, it is important to search for new therapeutic agents that allow a reduction in the TMAO levels of patients and that, thus, allow patients to be able to avoid a severe cardiovascular event. The present review discussed the synthesis of TMAO and its contribution to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. MDPI 2023-02-02 /pmc/articles/PMC9952918/ /pubmed/36830968 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020431 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Constantino-Jonapa, Luis A.
Espinoza-Palacios, Yoshua
Escalona-Montaño, Alma R.
Hernández-Ruiz, Paulina
Amezcua-Guerra, Luis M.
Amedei, Amedeo
Aguirre-García, María M.
Contribution of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) to Chronic Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases
title Contribution of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) to Chronic Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases
title_full Contribution of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) to Chronic Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases
title_fullStr Contribution of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) to Chronic Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases
title_full_unstemmed Contribution of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) to Chronic Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases
title_short Contribution of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) to Chronic Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases
title_sort contribution of trimethylamine n-oxide (tmao) to chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9952918/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36830968
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020431
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