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Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination—Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines
COVID-19 has taken a severe toll on the global population through infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Elucidating SARS-CoV-2 infection-derived immunity has led to the development of multiple effective COVID-19 vaccines and their implementation into mass-vaccination programs worldwide. After ~3...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9953148/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36830907 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020370 |
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author | Spinardi, Julia R. Srivastava, Amit |
author_facet | Spinardi, Julia R. Srivastava, Amit |
author_sort | Spinardi, Julia R. |
collection | PubMed |
description | COVID-19 has taken a severe toll on the global population through infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Elucidating SARS-CoV-2 infection-derived immunity has led to the development of multiple effective COVID-19 vaccines and their implementation into mass-vaccination programs worldwide. After ~3 years, a substantial proportion of the human population possesses immunity from infection and/or vaccination. With waning immune protection over time against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, it is essential to understand the duration of protection, breadth of coverage, and effects on reinfection. This targeted review summarizes available research literature on SARS-CoV-2 infection-derived, vaccination-elicited, and hybrid immunity. Infection-derived immunity has shown 93–100% protection against severe COVID-19 outcomes for up to 8 months, but reinfection is observed with some virus variants. Vaccination elicits high levels of neutralizing antibodies and a breadth of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. Hybrid immunity enables strong, broad responses, with high-quality memory B cells generated at 5- to 10-fold higher levels, versus infection or vaccination alone and protection against symptomatic disease lasting for 6–8 months. SARS-CoV-2 evolution into more transmissible and immunologically divergent variants has necessitated the updating of COVID-19 vaccines. To ensure continued protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants, regulators and vaccine technical committees recommend variant-specific or bivalent vaccines. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9953148 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-99531482023-02-25 Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination—Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines Spinardi, Julia R. Srivastava, Amit Biomedicines Review COVID-19 has taken a severe toll on the global population through infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Elucidating SARS-CoV-2 infection-derived immunity has led to the development of multiple effective COVID-19 vaccines and their implementation into mass-vaccination programs worldwide. After ~3 years, a substantial proportion of the human population possesses immunity from infection and/or vaccination. With waning immune protection over time against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, it is essential to understand the duration of protection, breadth of coverage, and effects on reinfection. This targeted review summarizes available research literature on SARS-CoV-2 infection-derived, vaccination-elicited, and hybrid immunity. Infection-derived immunity has shown 93–100% protection against severe COVID-19 outcomes for up to 8 months, but reinfection is observed with some virus variants. Vaccination elicits high levels of neutralizing antibodies and a breadth of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. Hybrid immunity enables strong, broad responses, with high-quality memory B cells generated at 5- to 10-fold higher levels, versus infection or vaccination alone and protection against symptomatic disease lasting for 6–8 months. SARS-CoV-2 evolution into more transmissible and immunologically divergent variants has necessitated the updating of COVID-19 vaccines. To ensure continued protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants, regulators and vaccine technical committees recommend variant-specific or bivalent vaccines. MDPI 2023-01-27 /pmc/articles/PMC9953148/ /pubmed/36830907 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020370 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Spinardi, Julia R. Srivastava, Amit Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination—Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines |
title | Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination—Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines |
title_full | Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination—Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines |
title_fullStr | Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination—Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines |
title_full_unstemmed | Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination—Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines |
title_short | Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination—Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines |
title_sort | hybrid immunity to sars-cov-2 from infection and vaccination—evidence synthesis and implications for new covid-19 vaccines |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9953148/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36830907 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020370 |
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