Effects of Interleukin-1 Genotype on the Clinical Efficacy of Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment of Polish Patients with Periodontitis

(1) Background: Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease associated with dysbiotic plaque biofilms and characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of basic periodontal treatment depending on the interleukin-1 genotype in adult Poles. (2) Methods: Sixty subjects aged 39–64 years were examined. At initial presentation (T1), at 6–8 weeks (T2), and 16–18 weeks (T3) after treatment completion, the following percentages were recorded: surfaces with plaque, pockets bleeding, pocket depth, and change in the attachment level. During the T1 examination, the genotype for IL-1 was determined using the GenoType(®) PST test. (3) Results: Thirty subjects had genotype IL+ and the other thirty were IL−. During the T1 examination no significant differences were observed between patients. The study showed an increase of all the tested clinical parameters after 6–8 weeks. This increase continued up to the T3 examination. A significant reduction in the percentage of plaque surfaces after 6–8 weeks was observed, which was sustained after 16–18 weeks for both genotypes. For both genotypes, a significant decrease in the percentage of bleeding pockets was observed at the T2 examination, which persisted through until examination T3. For both studied genotypes, after 6–8 weeks, a significant shallowing of pockets was observed. In patients with the IL− genotype, a further significant shallowing of pockets was observed after 16–18 weeks. A significant reconstruction of epithelial attachment was observed between the T1 and T2 examinations, averaging 0.55 mm in patients with the IL+ genotype, and 0.77 in patients with the IL− genotype. (4) Conclusions: The results of our study show that the IL-1 genotype, may be one of the factors affecting the healing process after non-surgical periodontal treatment in adult Poles.