Cargando…

Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which hyperthyroidism results in various systematic symptoms, with about 30% of patients presenting with Graves’ eye disease (GED). The majority of patients with GED develop mild symptoms, including eyelid retraction, exposure of the globe, superior rectu...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Hutchings, Kasen R., Fritzhand, Seth J., Esmaeli, Bita, Koka, Kirthi, Zhao, Jiawei, Ahmed, Salmaan, Debnam, James Matthew
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9953404/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36830848
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020312
_version_ 1784893869550206976
author Hutchings, Kasen R.
Fritzhand, Seth J.
Esmaeli, Bita
Koka, Kirthi
Zhao, Jiawei
Ahmed, Salmaan
Debnam, James Matthew
author_facet Hutchings, Kasen R.
Fritzhand, Seth J.
Esmaeli, Bita
Koka, Kirthi
Zhao, Jiawei
Ahmed, Salmaan
Debnam, James Matthew
author_sort Hutchings, Kasen R.
collection PubMed
description Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which hyperthyroidism results in various systematic symptoms, with about 30% of patients presenting with Graves’ eye disease (GED). The majority of patients with GED develop mild symptoms, including eyelid retraction, exposure of the globe, superior rectus–levator muscle complex inflammation, and fat expansion, leading to exophthalmos. More severe cases can result in extraocular muscle enlargement, restricted ocular movement, eyelid and conjunctival edema, and compression of the optic nerve leading to compressive optic neuropathy (CON). GED severity can be classified using the Clinical Activity Score, European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy scale, NO SPECS Classification system, and VISA system. CT and MRI aid in the diagnosis of GED through the demonstration of orbital pathology. Several recent studies have shown that MRI findings correlate with disease severity and can be used to evaluate CON. Mild cases of GED can be self-limiting, and patients often recover spontaneously within 2–5 years. When medical treatment is required, immunomodulators or radiotherapy can be used to limit immunologic damage. Surgery may be needed to improve patient comfort, preserve the orbit, and prevent vision loss from optic nerve compression or breakdown of the cornea.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-9953404
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2023
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-99534042023-02-25 Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis Hutchings, Kasen R. Fritzhand, Seth J. Esmaeli, Bita Koka, Kirthi Zhao, Jiawei Ahmed, Salmaan Debnam, James Matthew Biomedicines Review Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which hyperthyroidism results in various systematic symptoms, with about 30% of patients presenting with Graves’ eye disease (GED). The majority of patients with GED develop mild symptoms, including eyelid retraction, exposure of the globe, superior rectus–levator muscle complex inflammation, and fat expansion, leading to exophthalmos. More severe cases can result in extraocular muscle enlargement, restricted ocular movement, eyelid and conjunctival edema, and compression of the optic nerve leading to compressive optic neuropathy (CON). GED severity can be classified using the Clinical Activity Score, European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy scale, NO SPECS Classification system, and VISA system. CT and MRI aid in the diagnosis of GED through the demonstration of orbital pathology. Several recent studies have shown that MRI findings correlate with disease severity and can be used to evaluate CON. Mild cases of GED can be self-limiting, and patients often recover spontaneously within 2–5 years. When medical treatment is required, immunomodulators or radiotherapy can be used to limit immunologic damage. Surgery may be needed to improve patient comfort, preserve the orbit, and prevent vision loss from optic nerve compression or breakdown of the cornea. MDPI 2023-01-22 /pmc/articles/PMC9953404/ /pubmed/36830848 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020312 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Hutchings, Kasen R.
Fritzhand, Seth J.
Esmaeli, Bita
Koka, Kirthi
Zhao, Jiawei
Ahmed, Salmaan
Debnam, James Matthew
Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis
title Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis
title_full Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis
title_fullStr Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis
title_full_unstemmed Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis
title_short Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis
title_sort graves’ eye disease: clinical and radiological diagnosis
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9953404/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36830848
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020312
work_keys_str_mv AT hutchingskasenr graveseyediseaseclinicalandradiologicaldiagnosis
AT fritzhandsethj graveseyediseaseclinicalandradiologicaldiagnosis
AT esmaelibita graveseyediseaseclinicalandradiologicaldiagnosis
AT kokakirthi graveseyediseaseclinicalandradiologicaldiagnosis
AT zhaojiawei graveseyediseaseclinicalandradiologicaldiagnosis
AT ahmedsalmaan graveseyediseaseclinicalandradiologicaldiagnosis
AT debnamjamesmatthew graveseyediseaseclinicalandradiologicaldiagnosis