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Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which hyperthyroidism results in various systematic symptoms, with about 30% of patients presenting with Graves’ eye disease (GED). The majority of patients with GED develop mild symptoms, including eyelid retraction, exposure of the globe, superior rectu...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9953404/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36830848 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020312 |
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author | Hutchings, Kasen R. Fritzhand, Seth J. Esmaeli, Bita Koka, Kirthi Zhao, Jiawei Ahmed, Salmaan Debnam, James Matthew |
author_facet | Hutchings, Kasen R. Fritzhand, Seth J. Esmaeli, Bita Koka, Kirthi Zhao, Jiawei Ahmed, Salmaan Debnam, James Matthew |
author_sort | Hutchings, Kasen R. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which hyperthyroidism results in various systematic symptoms, with about 30% of patients presenting with Graves’ eye disease (GED). The majority of patients with GED develop mild symptoms, including eyelid retraction, exposure of the globe, superior rectus–levator muscle complex inflammation, and fat expansion, leading to exophthalmos. More severe cases can result in extraocular muscle enlargement, restricted ocular movement, eyelid and conjunctival edema, and compression of the optic nerve leading to compressive optic neuropathy (CON). GED severity can be classified using the Clinical Activity Score, European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy scale, NO SPECS Classification system, and VISA system. CT and MRI aid in the diagnosis of GED through the demonstration of orbital pathology. Several recent studies have shown that MRI findings correlate with disease severity and can be used to evaluate CON. Mild cases of GED can be self-limiting, and patients often recover spontaneously within 2–5 years. When medical treatment is required, immunomodulators or radiotherapy can be used to limit immunologic damage. Surgery may be needed to improve patient comfort, preserve the orbit, and prevent vision loss from optic nerve compression or breakdown of the cornea. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9953404 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-99534042023-02-25 Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis Hutchings, Kasen R. Fritzhand, Seth J. Esmaeli, Bita Koka, Kirthi Zhao, Jiawei Ahmed, Salmaan Debnam, James Matthew Biomedicines Review Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which hyperthyroidism results in various systematic symptoms, with about 30% of patients presenting with Graves’ eye disease (GED). The majority of patients with GED develop mild symptoms, including eyelid retraction, exposure of the globe, superior rectus–levator muscle complex inflammation, and fat expansion, leading to exophthalmos. More severe cases can result in extraocular muscle enlargement, restricted ocular movement, eyelid and conjunctival edema, and compression of the optic nerve leading to compressive optic neuropathy (CON). GED severity can be classified using the Clinical Activity Score, European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy scale, NO SPECS Classification system, and VISA system. CT and MRI aid in the diagnosis of GED through the demonstration of orbital pathology. Several recent studies have shown that MRI findings correlate with disease severity and can be used to evaluate CON. Mild cases of GED can be self-limiting, and patients often recover spontaneously within 2–5 years. When medical treatment is required, immunomodulators or radiotherapy can be used to limit immunologic damage. Surgery may be needed to improve patient comfort, preserve the orbit, and prevent vision loss from optic nerve compression or breakdown of the cornea. MDPI 2023-01-22 /pmc/articles/PMC9953404/ /pubmed/36830848 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020312 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Hutchings, Kasen R. Fritzhand, Seth J. Esmaeli, Bita Koka, Kirthi Zhao, Jiawei Ahmed, Salmaan Debnam, James Matthew Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis |
title | Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis |
title_full | Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis |
title_fullStr | Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis |
title_full_unstemmed | Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis |
title_short | Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis |
title_sort | graves’ eye disease: clinical and radiological diagnosis |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9953404/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36830848 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020312 |
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