Cargando…
A Review of Detection Methods for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Genes: From Conventional Approaches to Potentially Electrochemical DNA Biosensors
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) genes are bacteria strains generated from Gram-positive bacteria and resistant to one of the glycopeptides antibiotics, commonly, vancomycin. VRE genes have been identified worldwide and exhibit considerable phenotypic and genotypic variations. There are six id...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9954664/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36832060 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13020294 |
_version_ | 1784894172663119872 |
---|---|
author | Zakaria, Nor Dyana Hamzah, Hairul Hisham Salih, Ibrahim Luqman Balakrishnan, Venugopal Abdul Razak, Khairunisak |
author_facet | Zakaria, Nor Dyana Hamzah, Hairul Hisham Salih, Ibrahim Luqman Balakrishnan, Venugopal Abdul Razak, Khairunisak |
author_sort | Zakaria, Nor Dyana |
collection | PubMed |
description | Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) genes are bacteria strains generated from Gram-positive bacteria and resistant to one of the glycopeptides antibiotics, commonly, vancomycin. VRE genes have been identified worldwide and exhibit considerable phenotypic and genotypic variations. There are six identified phenotypes of vancomycin-resistant genes: VanA, VanB, VanC, VanD, VanE, and VanG. The VanA and VanB strains are often found in the clinical laboratory because they are very resistant to vancomycin. VanA bacteria can pose significant issues for hospitalized patients due to their ability to spread to other Gram-positive infections, which changes their genetic material to increase their resistance to the antibiotics used during treatment. This review summarizes the established methods for detecting VRE strains utilizing traditional, immunoassay, and molecular approaches and then focuses on potential electrochemical DNA biosensors to be developed. However, from the literature search, no information was reported on developing electrochemical biosensors for detecting VRE genes; only the electrochemical detection of vancomycin-susceptible bacteria was reported. Thus, strategies to create robust, selective, and miniaturized electrochemical DNA biosensor platforms to detect VRE genes are also discussed. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9954664 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-99546642023-02-25 A Review of Detection Methods for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Genes: From Conventional Approaches to Potentially Electrochemical DNA Biosensors Zakaria, Nor Dyana Hamzah, Hairul Hisham Salih, Ibrahim Luqman Balakrishnan, Venugopal Abdul Razak, Khairunisak Biosensors (Basel) Review Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) genes are bacteria strains generated from Gram-positive bacteria and resistant to one of the glycopeptides antibiotics, commonly, vancomycin. VRE genes have been identified worldwide and exhibit considerable phenotypic and genotypic variations. There are six identified phenotypes of vancomycin-resistant genes: VanA, VanB, VanC, VanD, VanE, and VanG. The VanA and VanB strains are often found in the clinical laboratory because they are very resistant to vancomycin. VanA bacteria can pose significant issues for hospitalized patients due to their ability to spread to other Gram-positive infections, which changes their genetic material to increase their resistance to the antibiotics used during treatment. This review summarizes the established methods for detecting VRE strains utilizing traditional, immunoassay, and molecular approaches and then focuses on potential electrochemical DNA biosensors to be developed. However, from the literature search, no information was reported on developing electrochemical biosensors for detecting VRE genes; only the electrochemical detection of vancomycin-susceptible bacteria was reported. Thus, strategies to create robust, selective, and miniaturized electrochemical DNA biosensor platforms to detect VRE genes are also discussed. MDPI 2023-02-18 /pmc/articles/PMC9954664/ /pubmed/36832060 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13020294 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Zakaria, Nor Dyana Hamzah, Hairul Hisham Salih, Ibrahim Luqman Balakrishnan, Venugopal Abdul Razak, Khairunisak A Review of Detection Methods for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Genes: From Conventional Approaches to Potentially Electrochemical DNA Biosensors |
title | A Review of Detection Methods for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Genes: From Conventional Approaches to Potentially Electrochemical DNA Biosensors |
title_full | A Review of Detection Methods for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Genes: From Conventional Approaches to Potentially Electrochemical DNA Biosensors |
title_fullStr | A Review of Detection Methods for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Genes: From Conventional Approaches to Potentially Electrochemical DNA Biosensors |
title_full_unstemmed | A Review of Detection Methods for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Genes: From Conventional Approaches to Potentially Electrochemical DNA Biosensors |
title_short | A Review of Detection Methods for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Genes: From Conventional Approaches to Potentially Electrochemical DNA Biosensors |
title_sort | review of detection methods for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) genes: from conventional approaches to potentially electrochemical dna biosensors |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9954664/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36832060 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13020294 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT zakarianordyana areviewofdetectionmethodsforvancomycinresistantenterococcivregenesfromconventionalapproachestopotentiallyelectrochemicaldnabiosensors AT hamzahhairulhisham areviewofdetectionmethodsforvancomycinresistantenterococcivregenesfromconventionalapproachestopotentiallyelectrochemicaldnabiosensors AT salihibrahimluqman areviewofdetectionmethodsforvancomycinresistantenterococcivregenesfromconventionalapproachestopotentiallyelectrochemicaldnabiosensors AT balakrishnanvenugopal areviewofdetectionmethodsforvancomycinresistantenterococcivregenesfromconventionalapproachestopotentiallyelectrochemicaldnabiosensors AT abdulrazakkhairunisak areviewofdetectionmethodsforvancomycinresistantenterococcivregenesfromconventionalapproachestopotentiallyelectrochemicaldnabiosensors AT zakarianordyana reviewofdetectionmethodsforvancomycinresistantenterococcivregenesfromconventionalapproachestopotentiallyelectrochemicaldnabiosensors AT hamzahhairulhisham reviewofdetectionmethodsforvancomycinresistantenterococcivregenesfromconventionalapproachestopotentiallyelectrochemicaldnabiosensors AT salihibrahimluqman reviewofdetectionmethodsforvancomycinresistantenterococcivregenesfromconventionalapproachestopotentiallyelectrochemicaldnabiosensors AT balakrishnanvenugopal reviewofdetectionmethodsforvancomycinresistantenterococcivregenesfromconventionalapproachestopotentiallyelectrochemicaldnabiosensors AT abdulrazakkhairunisak reviewofdetectionmethodsforvancomycinresistantenterococcivregenesfromconventionalapproachestopotentiallyelectrochemicaldnabiosensors |