Efficient Tuning of the Opto-Electronic Properties of Sol–Gel-Synthesized Al-Doped Titania Nanoparticles for Perovskite Solar Cells and Functional Textiles

The efficient electron transport layer (ETL) plays a critical role in the performance of perovskites solar cells (PSCs). Ideally, an unobstructed network with smooth channels for electron flow is required, which is lacking in the pristine TiO(2)-based ETL. As a potential solution, here we tuned the structure of TiO(2) via optimized heteroatom doping of Al. Different concentrations (1, 2, and 3 wt%) of Al were doped in TiO(2) and were successfully applied as an ETL in PSC using spin coating. A significant difference in the structural, opto-electronic, chemical, and electrical characteristics was observed in Al-doped TiO(2) structures. The opto-electronic properties revealed that Al doping shifted the absorption spectra toward the visible range. Pure titania possesses a bandgap of 3.38 eV; however, after 1, 2, and 3% Al doping, the bandgap was linearly reduced to 3.29, 3.25, and 3.18 eV, respectively. In addition, higher light transmission was observed for Al-doped TiO(2), which was due to the scattering effects of the interconnected porous morphology of doped-TiO(2). Al-doped titania shows higher thermal stability and a 28% lower weight loss and can be operated at higher temperatures compared to undoped titania (weight loss 30%) due to the formation of stable states after Al doping. In addition, Al-doped TiO(2) showed significantly high conductivity, which provides smooth paths for electron transport. Thanks to the effective tuning of band structure and morphology of Al-doped TiO(2), a significant improvement in current densities, fill factor, and efficiency was observed in PSCs. The combined effect of better Jsc and FF renders higher efficiencies in Al-doped TiO(2), as 1, 2, and 3% Al-doped TiO(2) showed 12.5, 14.1, and 13.6% efficiency, respectively. Compared to undoped TiO(2) with an efficiency of 10.3%, the optimized 2% Al doping increased the efficiency up to 14.1%. In addition, Al-doped TiO(2) also showed improvements in antibacterial effects, required for photoactive textiles.