Imaging biomarkers and clinical factors associated with the rate of progressive inner and outer retinal thinning in patients with diabetic macular edema

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of clinical characteristics to the rate of retinal thinning in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. We analyzed subjects with a long-term follow-up (≥ 3 years) and evidence of resolved DME after the initiation of anti-VEGF therapy (baseline visit). To measure the long-term rate of retinal thinning during treatment, a second visit (first visit with evidence of resolved DME after 3 years) was also considered. A longitudinal quantitative topographical assessment of the inner and outer retinal thicknesses was provided. Clinical characteristics were associated with the rate of longitudinal retinal thinning. We included 56 eyes (50 patients) in the analysis. A significant longitudinal thinning in the inner and outer retina was detected in all the analyzed regions (p values between 0.027 and < 0.0001). In the multivariable analysis, type of diabetes (type 2 vs. type 1) was associated with increased foveal inner retinal thinning (p = 0.019). A higher number of subfoveal neuroretinal detachment during follow-up (p = 0.006) was associated with faster rates of foveal outer retinal thinning. Type of diabetes (p < 0.0001), higher age (p = 0.033) and cystoid macular edema phenotype (p = 0.040) were associated with increased parafoveal inner retinal thinning. Gender (p = 0.003) and diabetic retinopathy stage (p = 0.013) were associated with faster rates of perifoveal inner retinal thinning, while diabetic retinopathy stage (p = 0.036) was associated with increased perifoveal outer retinal thinning. In conclusion, clinical factors, including DME phenotypes, were associated with the rates of retinal thinning in patients undergoing anti-VEGF treatment.