Experiment Study on the Influence of Density and Confining Pressure on Triaxial Shear Properties of Calcareous Sand

Calcareous sand is one of the main building materials in the construction of islands and reefs, and its shear property is very important for predicting their strength and deformation. However, the correlation research on the shear properties of calcareous sand is limited. In this paper, a series of the triaxial consolidation drainage shear tests of calcareous sand with relative densities (Dr) of 70% and 90% under confining pressures of 100, 200, 400 and 800 kPa were carried out by a triaxial testing apparatus, and the effects of relative density and confining pressure on the deformation and strength characteristics of calcareous sand were analyzed. The results show that the stress–strain curves of calcareous sand show a strain softening characteristic, and both peak deviatoric stress and failure strain increase with confining pressure, but the increase in failure strain is restrained when the confining pressure is larger than 400 kPa. The initial shear modulus of calcareous sand is positively correlated with confining pressure. Additionally, the molar circular envelope of calcareous sand is linear in the range of 100~400 kPa, but it deviates from linear when confining pressure exceeds 400 kPa. The critical state line (CSL) of calcareous sand is nonlinear, with almost the same exponent for calcareous sand with different relative densities. The research results have important reference value for the foundation construction of islands and reefs.