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Development of a Core Body Thermometer Applicable for High-Temperature Environment Based on the Zero-Heat-Flux Method

Monitoring core body temperature (CBT) allows observation of heat stress and thermal comfort in various environments. By introducing a Peltier element, we improved the zero-heat-flux core body thermometer for hot environments. In this study, we performed a theoretical analysis, designed a prototype...

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Autores principales: Lu, Hanzi, Aratake, Shun, Naito, Hisashi, Nogawa, Masamichi, Nemoto, Tetsu, Togawa, Tatsuo, Tanaka, Shinobu
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9959565/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36850568
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23041970
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author Lu, Hanzi
Aratake, Shun
Naito, Hisashi
Nogawa, Masamichi
Nemoto, Tetsu
Togawa, Tatsuo
Tanaka, Shinobu
author_facet Lu, Hanzi
Aratake, Shun
Naito, Hisashi
Nogawa, Masamichi
Nemoto, Tetsu
Togawa, Tatsuo
Tanaka, Shinobu
author_sort Lu, Hanzi
collection PubMed
description Monitoring core body temperature (CBT) allows observation of heat stress and thermal comfort in various environments. By introducing a Peltier element, we improved the zero-heat-flux core body thermometer for hot environments. In this study, we performed a theoretical analysis, designed a prototype probe, and evaluated its performance through simulator experiments with human subjects. The finite element analysis shows that our design can reduce the influence of external temperature variations by as much as 1%. In the simulator experiment, the prototype probe could measure deep temperatures within an error of less than 0.1 °C, regardless of outside temperature change. In the ergometer experiment with four subjects, the average difference between the prototype probe and a commercial zero-heat-flux probe was +0.1 °C, with a 95% LOA of −0.23 °C to +0.21 °C. In the dome sauna test, the results measured in six of the seven subjects exhibited the same trend as the reference temperature. These results show that the newly developed probe with the Peltier module can measure CBT accurately, even when the ambient temperature is higher than CBT up to 42 °C.
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spelling pubmed-99595652023-02-26 Development of a Core Body Thermometer Applicable for High-Temperature Environment Based on the Zero-Heat-Flux Method Lu, Hanzi Aratake, Shun Naito, Hisashi Nogawa, Masamichi Nemoto, Tetsu Togawa, Tatsuo Tanaka, Shinobu Sensors (Basel) Article Monitoring core body temperature (CBT) allows observation of heat stress and thermal comfort in various environments. By introducing a Peltier element, we improved the zero-heat-flux core body thermometer for hot environments. In this study, we performed a theoretical analysis, designed a prototype probe, and evaluated its performance through simulator experiments with human subjects. The finite element analysis shows that our design can reduce the influence of external temperature variations by as much as 1%. In the simulator experiment, the prototype probe could measure deep temperatures within an error of less than 0.1 °C, regardless of outside temperature change. In the ergometer experiment with four subjects, the average difference between the prototype probe and a commercial zero-heat-flux probe was +0.1 °C, with a 95% LOA of −0.23 °C to +0.21 °C. In the dome sauna test, the results measured in six of the seven subjects exhibited the same trend as the reference temperature. These results show that the newly developed probe with the Peltier module can measure CBT accurately, even when the ambient temperature is higher than CBT up to 42 °C. MDPI 2023-02-09 /pmc/articles/PMC9959565/ /pubmed/36850568 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23041970 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Lu, Hanzi
Aratake, Shun
Naito, Hisashi
Nogawa, Masamichi
Nemoto, Tetsu
Togawa, Tatsuo
Tanaka, Shinobu
Development of a Core Body Thermometer Applicable for High-Temperature Environment Based on the Zero-Heat-Flux Method
title Development of a Core Body Thermometer Applicable for High-Temperature Environment Based on the Zero-Heat-Flux Method
title_full Development of a Core Body Thermometer Applicable for High-Temperature Environment Based on the Zero-Heat-Flux Method
title_fullStr Development of a Core Body Thermometer Applicable for High-Temperature Environment Based on the Zero-Heat-Flux Method
title_full_unstemmed Development of a Core Body Thermometer Applicable for High-Temperature Environment Based on the Zero-Heat-Flux Method
title_short Development of a Core Body Thermometer Applicable for High-Temperature Environment Based on the Zero-Heat-Flux Method
title_sort development of a core body thermometer applicable for high-temperature environment based on the zero-heat-flux method
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9959565/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36850568
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23041970
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